Antifungal Activity of Amphiphilic Perylene Bisimides

A simple protocol for the synthesis of perylene bisimides from perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride

Perylene bisimides are highly attractive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to their photostability associated to unique and characteristic photochemical properties. They have been widely used for analytical purposes, despite the hydrophobicity of most of these compounds. The ring substitution pattern plays an important role in fine-tuning the physicochemical properties that govern solubility and aggregation. In this work, a selection of perylene bisimides were prepared from the reaction of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with α-amino acids or primary aliphatic and aromatic amines. These molecules were obtained in good yield by a simple synthetic protocol based on the use of imidazole as a green solvent and avoiding the need for complex purification methods, a major advantage for future applications. Functionalization of the exocyclic substituent can also be performed and was exemplified by the incorporation of the maleimide and anthraquinone moieties.

Novel Discoveries and Clinical Advancements for Treating Onychomycosis: A Mechanistic Insight

Onychomycosis continues to be the most challenging disease condition for pharmaceutical scientists to develop an effective drug delivery system. Treatment challenges lie in incomplete cure and high relapse rate. Present compilation provides cumulative information on pathophysiology, diagnostic techniques, and conventional treatment strategies to manage onychomycosis. Novel technologies developed for successful delivery of antifungal molecules are also discussed in brief. Multidirectional information offered by this article also unlocks the panoramic view of leading patented technologies and clinical trials. The obtained clinical landscape recommends the use of advanced technology driven approaches, as a promising way-out for treatment of onychomycosis. Collectively, present review warrants the application of novel technologies for the successful management of onychomycosis. This review will assist readers to envision a better understanding about the technologies available for combating onychomycosis. We also trust that these contributions address and certainly will encourage the design and development of nanocarriers-based delivery vehicles for effective management of onychomycosis.