The Application of Chemometrics in Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis Data Presentation for Halal Authentication of Meat Products

Combined metabolomics and bioactivity assays kernelby-productsof two native Chinese cherry species: The sources of bioactive nutraceutical compounds

Cherry kernels are a by-product of cherries that are usually discarded, leading to waste and pollution. In this study, the chemical composition of 21 batches of cherry kernels from two different cherry species was analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The in vitro antioxidant activity, cellular antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of these kernel extracts were also determined, and a correlation analysis was conducted between differential compounds and biological activity. A total of 49 differential compounds were screened. The kernels of Prunus tomentosa were found to have significantly higher total phenol, total flavonoid content, and biological activity than those of Prunus pseudocerasus (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that flavonoids had the greatest contribution to biological activity. The study suggests that both species of cherry kernel, particularly Prunus tomentosa, could be a potential source of bioactive compounds that could be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Comprehensive review on the application of omics analysis coupled with Chemometrics in gelatin authentication of food and pharmaceutical products

Gelatin is a protein molecule that can be hydrolyzed from collagen, animal bones, skin and it easily soluble in water. Source animals for gelatin ingredients must be evaluated, as well as their halal status. The omics method towards gelatin authentication in food and pharmaceutical products has several advantages, including high sensitivity and reliable data. Omics investigation employs the process of breaking down substances into small particles, hence enhancing the ability to detect a greater number of compounds. Omics study has the capability to identify substances at the subclass level, which makes it highly suitable for gelatin authentication. Gelatin lipids, metabolites, proteins, and volatile chemicals can be utilized as references to authenticate gelatin. In adopting gelatin authentication, lipidomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and volatilomics must be combined with chemometrics for data interpretation. Chemometrics can convert omics analysis data into easily viewable data. Chemometric approaches capable of presenting omics analysis data for gelatin authentication include PCA, HCA, PLS-DA, PLSR, SIMCA, and FACS. Visually chemometrically explain the differences in gelatin from different animal sources. The combination of omics analysis and chemometrics is a very promising technology for gelatin authentication in food and pharmaceutical products.

Insight into Pelargonium odoratissimum Essential Oil Preservative Properties Effect on Ground Beef

Pelargonium plants are very popular and well-known for their essential oils (EOs), which are used for medicinal purposes and in food. This study focused on the EO of Pelargonium odoratissimum. First, its composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were evaluated, and finally, its efficacy as a natural preservative in ground beef was tested. The main EO constituents were citronellol (40.0%), nerol (15.3%), and citronellyl formate (12.6%). The antibacterial activity of POEO showed that Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was the most susceptible strain compared to the other eight strains tested. The antioxidant activity, as measured by the DPPH assay, showed a dose-dependent effect with an IC50 comparable to the standard used, gallic acid. Aerobic plate count, psychotropic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella, were reduced by the addition of Pelargonium odoratissimum essential oils. The oxidative stability was significantly improved compared to the untreated sample. Additionally, the results for metmyoglobin demonstrated a notable preservative effect on sensory properties, including appearance, odor, color, and overall acceptability. The ability to discriminate between all samples and correlate protein and lipid oxidation processes, microbiological characteristics, and sensory measurements was made possible by principal component analysis and heat maps. This research shows the potential benefits of using POEO in the preservation of ground beef by effectively extending shelf life and improving product safety.

The cluster analysis of traditional Chinese medicine authenticity identification technique assisted by chemometrics

This study explore the authenticity identification technique of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using chemometrics in conjunction with cluster analysis. A clustering Gaussian mixture model was constructed and applied for the data clustering analysis of four types of TCM. Chemical measurements combined with discrete wavelet transform (DWT), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD) were utilized for the detailed differentiation of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Bupleurum yinchowense, Bupleurum marginatum, and Bupleurum smithii Wolff var. parvifolium. Differences in the attenuated total reflection-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) spectra among the four TCMs were observed. Utilizing clustering algorithms, the one-dimensional DWT of the infrared spectra of samples was employed for the authentication of Chinese herbal medicines. The model demonstrates optimal performance throughout 2000 rounds of network training. The accuracy (88.6 %), sensitivity (86.5 %), and specificity (82.7 %) of the model constructed in this study significantly surpassed those of the CNN model: accuracy (67.7 %), sensitivity (70.4 %), and specificity (68.5 %) (P < 0.05). By setting the cluster size K = 5 and the number of Gaussian mixture model components to 5, the model effectively fits the actual number of categories within the dataset. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed distinct carbon-oxygen stretching vibration absorption peaks between 1025 and 1200 cm-1 for Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Bupleurum yinchowense, Bupleurum marginatum, and Bupleurum smithii Wolff var. parvifolium, indicating strong absorption peaks of carbohydrates. A comprehensive structural information analysis revealed a similarity of above 0.982 among the four types of TCM. Combined with chemometrics and intelligent algorithm-based cluster analysis, successful and accurate authentication of TCM authenticity was achieved, providing an effective methodology for quality control in TCM.

Analysis of the lipidomic profile of vegetable oils and animal fats and changes during aging by UPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry

Vegetable oil and animal fat residues are common evidence in the cases of homicide, arson, theft, and other crimes. However, the lipid composition and content changes during aging on complex carriers remain unclear. Therefore, this study dynamically monitored the lipid composition and content changes during aging of 13 different types of vegetable oils and animal fats on five different carriers using the UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS method. A total of 6 subclasses of 93 lipids including lysophosphatidylcholine (2 species), phosphatidylcholine (2 species), diglyceride (5 species), triglyceride (81 species), acylGlcCampesterol ester (2 species), and acylGlcSitosterol ester (1 species), were first identified in fresh vegetable oils and animal fats. By comparing the LC-MS/MS chromatograms of fresh vegetable oils and animal fats, it was found that there were significant differences between the chromatograms of vegetable oils and animal fats, but it was difficult to distinguish between the chromatograms of vegetable oils or animal fats. After aging at 60 °C for 200 days, there was a significant decrease in the content of diglyceride, triglyceride, acylGlcCampesterol ester, and acylGlcSitosterol ester, while the content of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine initially increased and then decreased. Furthermore, statistical analysis of lipid differences between vegetable oils and animal fats was performed using cluster heat maps, volcanic maps, PCA, and OPLS-DA. On average, 33 significantly different lipids were screened (VIP > 1, p < 0.05), which could serve as potential biomarkers for distinguishing vegetable oils and animal fats. It was found that the potential biomarkers still existed during aging of vegetable oils and animal fats (100 and 200 days). This research provides important reference information for the identification of vegetable oil and animal fat residues in complex carriers at crime scenes.