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Molina MA, Rodríguez-Campa J, Flores-Borrell R, Blanco RM, Sánchez-Sánchez M. Sustainable Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks at Room Temperature in Water with Exact Zn/Linker Stoichiometry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:348. [PMID: 38392721 PMCID: PMC10892720 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are widely used MOFs because of certain characteristics, but also because they can be prepared at room temperature using water as the unique solvent. However, these a priori sustainable conditions inevitably entail a huge and somehow unusable excess of linker. Here, we present the formation of ZIFs at room temperature in water, starting from mixtures with a linker/metal ratio of two, that is, coinciding with the stoichiometry found in the final MOFs, in the presence of amines. ZIF-8 can be prepared with triethylamine (TEA), giving a yield of Zn of 96.6%. Other bases, like NaOH, tetraethylammonium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide, do not lead to ZIF-8 under the same conditions. The so-obtained ZIF-8 contains TEA inside its cavities, making it less porous than its conventionally prepared counterparts. Amine can be removed by mild thermal treatments (200-250 °C). Such thermal treatments induce the generation of g-C3N4-like species which could give added value to these materials as potential photocatalysts, increasing their affinity to CO2, as proved in this work. This methodology can be successfully extended to other amines, like N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine, as well as to other prepared ZIFs, like Co-based ZIF-67, isostructural to ZIF-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Asunción Molina
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.); (J.R.-C.); (R.F.-B.); (R.M.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0A, UK
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Campa
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.); (J.R.-C.); (R.F.-B.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Rosa Flores-Borrell
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.); (J.R.-C.); (R.F.-B.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Rosa M. Blanco
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.); (J.R.-C.); (R.F.-B.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.); (J.R.-C.); (R.F.-B.); (R.M.B.)
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Wang L, Wang J, Wu R, Shao F, Zhang D, Zhang X, Fan C, Fan Y. Pillar-Layered Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks with Co 2N 2O 8 Clusters and Tetragonal Ligands for CO 2 Conversion. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:294-303. [PMID: 38145954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting CO2 to valuable chemicals and fuels is a viable method to establish a carbon-neutral energy cycle in the environment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by dispersed active sites, high porosity, etc., have displayed a great application prospect in the electrochemical/chemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) process. Herein, we proposed a one-step production to establish a series of pillar-layered porous MOFs, [Co2(L)(bimb)]n (MOF 1) and [Co4(L)2(bidpe)2]n (MOF 2) [H4L = 5'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-(1,1':2',1″-terphenyl)-4,4',4″-tricarboxylic, bimb = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)-butane, bidpe = 4'-bis(imidazolyl) diphenyl ether], for preferential conversion of CO2 via ligand adjustment and increase of active sites' density. According to single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, [Co2(L)(bimb)]n exhibits pillar-layered binuclear 3D frameworks with a 2,4,6-linked 3-nodes new topology structure, while [Co4(L)2(bidpe)2]n displays pillar-layered tetranuclear interspersed networks with a 4,6-linked 2-nodes fsc topology structure through a ligand adjustment strategy. Meanwhile, the pillar-layered structure of the MOFs with abundant active sites is conducive to mass diffusion and benefits the conversion of CO2. MOFs 1-2 exhibit good electrocatalytic activity for CO2RR in 0.5 M KHCO3 solution. Especially, the current density of MOF 2 generated at -0.90 V (vs. RHE) reaches -81.6 mA·cm-2, which is 3.1 times higher than that under an Ar atmosphere. In addition, MOFs 1-2 can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst for chemical conversion of CO2. The results are expected to provide inspiration for rational design to develop stable and high-efficiency MOF-based electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Jinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P. R. China
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Insights into the Structure-Property-Activity Relationship of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Acid-Base Catalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054370. [PMID: 36901801 PMCID: PMC10002606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been extensively examined for their potential in acid-base catalysis. Many studies have demonstrated that ZIFs possess unique structural and physicochemical properties that allow them to demonstrate high activity and yield products with high selectivity. Herein, we highlight the nature of ZIFs in terms of their chemical formulation and the textural, acid-base, and morphological properties that strongly affect their catalytic performance. Our primary focus is the application of spectroscopic methods as instruments for analyzing the nature of active sites because these methods can allow an understanding of unusual catalytic behavior from the perspective of the structure-property-activity relationship. We examine several reactions, such as condensation reactions (the Knoevenagel condensation and Friedländer reactions), the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, the synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether from propylene oxide and methanol, and the cascade redox condensation of 2-nitroanilines with benzylamines. These examples illustrate the broad range of potentially promising applications of Zn-ZIFs as heterogeneous catalysts.
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