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Wang X, Wu H, Li M, Guo X, Cheng X, Jing W, Wei F. A Comprehensive Analysis of Fel Ursi and Its Common Adulterants Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS E and Chemometrics. Molecules 2024; 29:3144. [PMID: 38999096 PMCID: PMC11243315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the four most valuable animal medicines, Fel Ursi, named Xiong Dan (XD) in China, has the effect of clearing heat, calming the liver, and brightening the eyes. However, due to the special source of XD and its high price, other animals' bile is often sold as XD or mixed with XD on the market, seriously affecting its clinical efficacy and consumers' rights and interests. In order to realize identification and adulteration analysis of XD, UHPLC-QTOF-MSE and multivariate statistical analysis were used to explore the differences in XD and six other animals' bile. METHODS XD, pig gall (Zhu Dan, ZD), cow gall (Niu Dan, ND), rabbit gallbladder (Tu Dan, TD), duck gall (Yan Dan, YD), sheep gall (Yang Dan, YND), and chicken gall (Ji Dan, JD) were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MSE, and the MS data, combined with multivariate analysis methods, were used to distinguish between them. Meanwhile, the potential chemical composition markers that contribute to their differences were further explored. RESULTS The results showed that XD and six other animals' bile can be distinguished from each other obviously, with 27 ions with VIP > 1.0. We preliminarily identified 10 different bile acid-like components in XD and the other animals' bile with significant differences (p < 0.01) and VIP > 1.0, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid, Glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and Glycodeoxycholic acid. CONCLUSIONS The developed method was efficient and rapid in accurately distinguishing between XD and six other animals' bile. Based on the obtained chemical composition markers, it is beneficial to strengthen quality control for bile medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrui Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Haonan Wu
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Minghua Li
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xianlong Cheng
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wenguang Jing
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
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Xu Q, Li Q, Yang T, Long J, Huang Y, Luo Y, Fang Y, Chen X, Lu X, Zhao T, Ma E, Chen J, Wang M, Xia Q. Comprehensive quality evaluation of fermented-steaming Fructus Aurantii based on chemical composition, flavor characteristics, and intestinal microbial community. J Food Sci 2024; 89:2611-2628. [PMID: 38571450 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fructus Aurantii (FA) is an edible and medicinal functional food used worldwide that enhances digestion. Since raw FA (RFA) possesses certain side effects for some patients, processed FA (PFA) is commonly used in clinical practice. This study aimed to establish an objective and comprehensive quality evaluation of the PFA that employed the technique of steaming and fermentation. Combined with the volatile and non-volatile components, as well as the regulation of gut microbiota, the differentiation between RFA and PFA was analyzed. The results showed that the PFA considerably reduced the contents of flavonoid glycosides while increasing hesperidin-7-O-glucoside and flavonoid aglycones. The electronic nose and GC-MS (Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) effectively detected the variation in flavor between RFA and PFA. Correlation analysis revealed that eight volatile components (relative odor activity value [ROAV] ≥ 0.1) played a key role in inducing odor modifications. The original floral and woody notes were subdued due to decreased levels of linalool, sabinene, α-terpineol, and terpinen-4-ol. After processing, more delightful flavors such as lemon and fruity aromas were acquired. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis indicated a significant increase in beneficial microbial taxa. Particularly, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Blautia exhibited higher abundance following PFA treatment. Conversely, a lower presence of pathogenic bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Flexispira, and Clostridium. This strategy contributes to a comprehensive analysis technique for the quality assessment of FA, providing scientific justifications for processing FA into high-value products with enhanced health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provided an efficient approach to Fructus Aurantii quality evaluation. The methods of fermentation and steaming showed improved quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijian Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinru Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangling Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangbing Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enyao Ma
- Guangdong Hanchao Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Lingnan Traditional Chinese Medicine Slices Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Yue Y, Yin J, Xie J, Wu S, Ding H, Han L, Bie S, Song W, Zhang Y, Song X, Yu H, Li Z. Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in the Flower Buds of Three Panax Species Using Fast Gas Chromatography Electronic Nose, Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry, and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:602. [PMID: 38338347 PMCID: PMC10856343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The flower buds of three Panax species (PGF: P. ginseng; PQF: P. quinquefolius; PNF: P. notoginseng) widely consumed as health tea are easily confused in market circulation. We aimed to develop a green, fast, and easy analysis strategy to distinguish PGF, PQF, and PNF. In this work, fast gas chromatography electronic nose (fast GC e-nose), headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were utilized to comprehensively analyze the volatile organic components (VOCs) of three flowers. Meanwhile, a principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap were applied to distinguish the VOCs identified in PGF, PQF, and PNF. A random forest (RF) analysis was used to screen key factors affecting the discrimination. As a result, 39, 68, and 78 VOCs were identified in three flowers using fast GC e-nose, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS. Nine VOCs were selected as potential chemical markers based on a model of RF for distinguishing these three species. Conclusively, a complete VOC analysis strategy was created to provide a methodological reference for the rapid, simple, and environmentally friendly detection and identification of food products (tea, oil, honey, etc.) and herbs with flavor characteristics and to provide a basis for further specification of their quality and base sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiaxin Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hui Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Songtao Bie
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen Song
- Tianjin HongRenTang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300385, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin HongRenTang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300385, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinbo Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Heshui Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.X.); (S.W.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (S.B.); (X.S.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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