Farang (Psidium guajava L.) Dried Leaf Extracts: Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Hemolytic Properties for Ruminant Health and Production

Guaijaverin And Epigallocatechin Gallate Exerts Antiinflammatory And Antiallergenic Effects Through Interleukin-12 Production

Our aim in the current study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo synergistic antiinflammatory and antiallergic effect associated with the IL-12 production of guaijaverin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) complex (GEC) and ILS-F-2301 (2:8 extract of Psidium guajava and Camellia sinensis). Compared to EGCG alone, GEC showed synergistic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 by 3.8, 5.1, and 4.1%, respectively. The downregulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin conjugate/DNP-immunoglobulin E or ovalbumin (OVA) was synergistically increased by GEC by about 7.5% or 5.4% compared to EGCG alone. The level of downregulation of IL-12 in plasma increased by 100 mg/kg with ILS-F-2301 (28.7%) when compared to the OVA/Alu-treated group. Also, GEC synergistically increased by GEC by about 7.5% or 5.4% compared to EGCG alone. The level of down and cyclooxygenase C synergistically inhibited p-Akt, PI3K, mTOR, p-STAT6, and GATA3 by 4.9%, 4.1%, 19.2%, 23.8%, and 35.3%, respectively, while increasing the expressions of p-STAT1 and T-bet (showing 53.3% and 9.4% activation) when compared to EGCG alone. In an allergenic rhinitis mouse model, 100 mg/kg of ILS-F-2301 was shown to inhibit p-Akt, PI3K, mTOR, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and p-p38 by 23.3%, 43.8%, 17.2%, 32.2%, 29.1%, and 41.8% when compared to the OVA/Alu-sensitized group. Taken together, our findings suggest that ILS-F-2301 may have potential as a functional food for alleviating antiallergic rhinitis.

Guaijaverin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Complex Modulate Th1 and Th2 Cytokine-Mediated Allergic Responses Through STAT1/T-bet and STAT6/GATA3 Pathways

We aimed to determine the in vitro and in vivo synergistic antiallergic effect of guaijaverin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) complex (GEC), and the antiallergic rhinitis (AR) properties of guaijaverin-rich Psidium guajava and EGCG-rich Camellia sinensis (ILS-F-2301). GEC showed synergistic inhibition of β-hexosaminidase by 4.20% and interleukin (IL)-4, -5, and -13 by 4.08%, 0.67%, and 4.71%, respectively, while increasing interferon (IFN)-γ by 12.43%, compared with EGCG only. In addition, 50 μg/mL of ILS-F-2301 inhibited β-hexosaminidase release, and inhibited IL-4, -5, and -13 by 61.54%, 58.79%, and 59.25%, respectively, while increasing IFN-γ (showing 133.14% activation). Moreover, 50 μg/mL of ILS-F-2301 suppressed p-STAT6 and GATA3, while p-STAT1 and T-bet increased, and 0.039 μg/mL of guaijaverin or 5.275 μg/mL of EGCG modulated T helper (Th)1- and Th2-related proteins. These data suggested that guaijaverin and EGCG in ILS-F-2301 was the main active compound involved in Th1/Th2 modulation. In the AR mouse model, the administration of ILS-F-2301 inhibited ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE, histamine in serum; it also inhibited IL-4 and -5 by 28.23% and 47.15%, respectively, while increasing IFN-γ (showing 37.11% activation), compared with OVA/Alu-treated mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that ILS-F-2301 is a functional food for alleviating anti-AR.

The regulatory mechanism of garlic skin improving the growth performance of fattening sheep through metabolism and immunity

Objective

Garlic skin (GAS) has been proven to improve the growth performance of fattening sheep. However, the mechanism by which GAS affects fattening sheep is not yet clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding GAS to feed on the growth performance, rumen and fecal microbiota, serum and urine metabolism, and transcriptomics of rumen epithelial cells in fattening sheep.

Methods

GAS with 80 g/kg dry matter (DM) was added to the diet of fattening sheep to study the effects of GAS on gut microbiota, serum and urine metabolism, and transcriptome of rumen epithelial tissue in fattening sheep. Twelve Hu sheep (body weights; BW, 23.0 ± 2.3 kg and ages 120 ± 3.5 d) were randomly divided into two groups. The CON group was the basal diet, while the GAS group was supplemented with GAS in the basal diet. The trial period was 10 weeks, with the first 2 weeks being the pre-trial period.

Results

The daily average weight gain of fattening sheep in the GAS group was significantly higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05), and the serum GSH-Px of the GAS group fattening sheep was significantly increased, while MDA was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Based on the genus classification level, the addition of garlic peel in the diet changed the intestinal microbial composition, and the relative abundance was significantly upregulated by Metanobrevibater (p < 0.05), while significantly downregulated by Akkermansia, Parasutterella, and Guggenheimella (p < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis found that there were 166 significantly different metabolites in serum and 68 significantly different metabolites in urine between the GAS and CON groups (p < 0.05). GAS had an impact on amino acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, methane metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways (p < 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in immune regulatory function, improving the health of fattening sheep.

Conclusion

Adding GAS can improve the energy metabolism and immune function of fattening sheep by altering gut microbiota, metabolome, and transcriptome, thereby improving the growth performance of fattening sheep.

Influence of the Extraction Method on the Polyphenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Activity of Psidium guajava L. Leaf Extracts

The leaves of Psidium guajava L. are an agro-industrial by-product with an outstanding content of polyphenolic compounds; however, there are many factors which can affect the phytochemical profile when valuing this type of plant material, such as temperatures and extraction times involving in the extraction methods applied. In this context, this study analyzed the impact of different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction) on the phytochemical profile (FTIR and UPLC-MS) and the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and Folin-Ciocalteu) of guava leaf extracts. A yield of phenolic compounds per gram of guava leaf was obtained within the range of 16 to 45 mg/g; on the other hand, the IC50 values determined with the ABTS assay ranged between 78 ± 4 to 152 ± 12 µg/mL. The methanolic extract obtained by Soxhlet was the one with the best reducing power, both in the FRAP assay and in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Finally, bioactive compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol and avicularin were identified in the guava leaf extract. It was concluded that the purification of polyphenolics compounds improves the antioxidant capacity, and that the extraction method greatly influences the phytochemical profile and activity of the extracts.

Nutritional Composition, Mineral Profiling, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Selected Indian Guava Cultivars Leaf Extract

Psidium guajava L. is a small evergreen tree known for its magnificent medicinal and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and in vitro pharmacological potentialities of the different leaf extracts of four cultivars of Psidium guajava namely Surka chitti, Allahabad safeda, Karela, and Lucknow-49. The standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were followed to carry out the nutritional analysis and all of the cultivars recorded the presence of elements at a nominal range. The highest presence of phenols (125.77 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (92.38 mg QE/g) in the methanolic leaf extract of the Karela cultivar was recorded. A wide range of minerals such as sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and boron were recorded with a higher percentage in the Karela cultivar of Psidium guajava. In the enzyme inhibitory assays, Allahabad safeda showed potential inhibition with an IC50 of 113.31 ± 1.07, 98.2 ± 0.66 and 95.73 ± 0.39 μg/mL in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays, respectively. The strong antioxidant effect was established by Lucknow-49 (IC50 of 74.43 ± 1.86 μg/mL) and Allahabad safeda (IC50 of 78.93 ± 0.46 μg/mL) for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts of the Allahabad safeda cultivar showed better inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 14.84 and 28.69 µg/mL, respectively. A decent mean zone of inhibition was recorded in methanolic leaf extract that ranged from 21-25 mm in diameter against the tested bacterial strains (Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, and P. aeruginosa). This is the first scientific report on the comparative and comprehensive analysis of indigenous guava cultivars to evidently shortlist the elite cultivars with enriched dietary nutrition and biological activities.