1
|
Pathak C, Kabra UD. A comprehensive review of multi-target directed ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107152. [PMID: 38290187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting specifically older population. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative CNS disorder associated with complex pathophysiology. Presently, the USFDA has approved only four drugs viz. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Memantine, and Galantamine for the treatment of AD. These drugs exhibit their neuroprotective effects either by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. However, the conventional therapy "one target, one molecule" has failed to provide promising therapeutic effects due to the multifactorial nature of AD. This triggered the development of a novel strategy called Multi-Target Directed Ligand (MTDL) which involved designing one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously. The present review discusses the detailed pathology involved in AD and the various MTDL design strategies bearing different heterocycles, in vitro and in vivo activities of the compounds, and their corresponding structure-activity relationships. This knowledge will allow us to identify and design more effective MTDLs for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Uma D Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pachón-Angona I, Bernard PJ, Simakov A, Maj M, Jozwiak K, Novotna A, Lemke C, Gütschow M, Martin H, Oset-Gasque MJ, Contelles JM, Ismaili L. Design and Synthesis of Multi-Functional Ligands through Hantzsch Reaction: Targeting Ca 2+ Channels, Activating Nrf2 and Possessing Cathepsin S Inhibitory, and Antioxidant Properties. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:121. [PMID: 38258131 PMCID: PMC10819521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This work relates to the design and synthesis of a series of novel multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs), i.e., compounds 4a-l, via a convenient one-pot three-component Hantzsch reaction. This approach targeted calcium channel antagonism, antioxidant capacity, cathepsin S inhibition, and interference with Nrf2 transcriptional activation. Of these MTDLs, 4i emerged as a promising compound, demonstrating robust antioxidant activity, the ability to activate Nrf2-ARE pathways, as well as calcium channel blockade and cathepsin S inhibition. Dihydropyridine 4i represents the first example of an MTDL that combines these biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pachón-Angona
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paul J. Bernard
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Alexey Simakov
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; (A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. W. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Anna Novotna
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institut, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (A.N.); (C.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Helene Martin
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; (A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - María-Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Marco Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC) C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER, ISCIII, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (I.P.-A.); (P.J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernard PJ, Bellili D, Ismaili L. Calcium channel blockers' contribution to overcoming Current drug discovery challenges in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:21-32. [PMID: 37800853 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2266994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible, and multifactorial brain disorder that gradually and insidiously destroys individual's memory, thinking, and other cognitive abilities. AREAS COVERED In this perspective, the authors examine the complex and multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease and believe that the best approach to develop new drugs is the MTDL strategy, which obviously faces several challenges. These challenges include identifying the key combination of targets and their suitability for coordinated actions, as well as developing an acceptable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile to deliver a drug candidate. EXPERT OPINION Since calcium plays a crucial role in the pathology of AD, a polypharmacological approach with calcium channel blockers reinforced by activities targeting other factors involved in AD is a serious option in our opinion. This is exemplified by a phase III clinical trial using a drug combination approach with Losartan, Amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), and Atorvastatin, as well as several MTDL-based calcium channel blockade approaches with a promising in vitro and in vivo profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bernard
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
| | - Djamila Bellili
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|