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Prakasham K, Pan TY, Tan CH, Wu CF, Chandra P, Cheng CM, Chen W, Tsai WC, Ponnusamy VK, Wu MT. A rapid and sensitive analytical methodology for the simultaneous biomonitoring of two direct oral anticoagulant drugs and their major metabolites in thromboembolic disordered patients samples for clinical evaluations. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464689. [PMID: 38295740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Apixaban and dabigatran are the two major direct oral anticoagulant drugs to treat thromboembolic disordered patients. Increasing the clinical application for the thromboembolic disorder and monitoring the concentrations of apixaban, dabigatran, and their metabolites are essential in most clinical circumstances. In this work, we developed a rapid analytical methodology comprising of vortex-assisted salt-enhanced liquid-liquid microextraction technique coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS for the extraction and simultaneous determination of two major direct oral anticoagulant drugs (apixaban, dabigatran), and their two major metabolites from plasma, serum, and urine samples of patients. The developed method was optimized with various procedural steps and validated to study the analytical merits. The developed method yielded a good detection limit of 0.01 ∼ 0.37 ng/mL, 0.01 ∼ 0.32 ng/ml, and 0.01 ∼ 0.27 ng/mL for four target analytes in the plasma, serum, and urine matrices. Moreover, extraction recoveries ranged from 85.11 - 113.57% (for plasma), 89.63 - 110.47% (for serum), and 87.44 -106.79% (for urine samples) with 8.78% RSD. In addition, the method exhibited good R2 values of 0.999 for all four target analytes, and the specificity and carryover study revealed no carryover effect from the UHPLC-MS/MS system for determining the apixaban, dabigatran, and their metabolites. Due to the above advantages, the developed analytical technique was applied to examine 11 real-time clinical patients' samples, and the observed results were satisfactory for all three different sample matrices. Therefore, this analytical method can be applied for biomonitoring apixaban, dabigatran, and their two major metabolites with high sensitivity in a short time for various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Prakasham
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Pan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Taiwan
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical, Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ching-Mei Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K. Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1834-1863. [PMID: 38059476 PMCID: PMC10731662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
- University
Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, AUUP, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Material
Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Petra Urajová
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Sounak Ghosh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Roshani Singh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Gobardhan Sahoo
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
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