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Ungvari Z, Kunutsor SK. Coffee consumption and cardiometabolic health: a comprehensive review of the evidence. GeroScience 2024; 46:6473-6510. [PMID: 38963648 PMCID: PMC11493900 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of longitudinal observational and interventional studies on the cardiometabolic effects of coffee consumption. It explores biological mechanisms, and clinical and policy implications, and highlights gaps in the evidence while suggesting future research directions. It also reviews evidence on the causal relationships between coffee consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. Findings indicate that while coffee may cause short-term increases in blood pressure, it does not contribute to long-term hypertension risk. There is limited evidence indicating that coffee intake might reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, coffee consumption is consistently linked with reduced risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), showing dose-response relationships. The relationship between coffee and cardiovascular disease is complex, showing potential stroke prevention benefits but ambiguous effects on coronary heart disease. Moderate coffee consumption, typically ranging from 1 to 5 cups per day, is linked to a reduced risk of heart failure, while its impact on atrial fibrillation remains inconclusive. Furthermore, coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, following a U-shaped pattern, with the largest risk reduction observed at moderate consumption levels. Except for T2D and CKD, MR studies do not robustly support a causal link between coffee consumption and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. The potential beneficial effects of coffee on cardiometabolic health are consistent across age, sex, geographical regions, and coffee subtypes and are multi-dimensional, involving antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, lipid-modulating, insulin-sensitizing, and thermogenic effects. Based on its beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and fundamental biological processes involved in aging, moderate coffee consumption has the potential to contribute to extending the healthspan and increasing longevity. The findings underscore the need for future research to understand the underlying mechanisms and refine health recommendations regarding coffee consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral College/Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Setor K Kunutsor
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4WP, UK.
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Saint Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Karagöz MF, Koçyiğit E, Koçak T, Özturan Şirin A, Icer MA, Ağagündüz D, Coreta-Gomes F. Decoding coffee cardiometabolic potential: Chemical composition, nutritional, and health relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13414. [PMID: 39137004 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, recognized for its unique taste and aroma and for its social and health impacts. Coffee contains a plethora of nutritional and bioactive components, whose content can vary depending on their origin, processing, and extraction methods. Gathered evidence in literature shows that the regular coffee consumption containing functional compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and melanoidins) can have potential beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk factors such as abdominal adiposity, hyperglycemia, and lipogenesis. On the other hand, coffee compounds, such as caffeine, diterpenes, and advanced glycation end products, may be considered a risk for cardiometabolic health. The present comprehensive review provides up-to-date knowledge on the structure-function relationships between different chemical compounds present in coffee, one of the most prevalent beverages present in human diet, and cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Fevzi Karagöz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Türkiye
| | - Emine Koçyiğit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Tevfik Koçak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Türkiye
| | - Ayçıl Özturan Şirin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Arif Icer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Filipe Coreta-Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Marcinek K, Luzak B, Rozalski M. The Effects of Caffeine on Blood Platelets and the Cardiovascular System through Adenosine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8905. [PMID: 39201591 PMCID: PMC11354695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most popular and widely consumed behaviourally active substance in the world. This review describes the influence of caffeine on the cardiovascular system, with a special focus on blood platelets. For many years, caffeine was thought to have a negative effect on the cardiovascular system mainly due to increasing blood pressure. However, more recent data suggest that habitual caffeine consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. This could be a significant finding as cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Caffeine is known to inhibit A1 adenosine receptors, through which it is believed to modulate inter alia coronary blood flow, total peripheral resistance, diuresis, and heart rate. It has been shown that coffee possesses antiplatelet activity, but depending on the dose and the term of its use, caffeine may stimulate or inhibit platelet reactivity. Also, chronic exposure to caffeine may sensitize or upregulate the adenosine receptors in platelets causing increased cAMP accumulation and anti-aggregatory effects and decrease calcium levels elicited by AR agonists. The search for new, selective, and safe AR agonists is one of the new strategies for improving antiplatelet therapy involving targeting multiple pathways of platelet activation. Therefore, this review examines the AR-dependent impact of caffeine on blood platelets in the presence of adenosine receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcin Rozalski
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-235 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (B.L.)
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Bontempo P, Capasso L, De Masi L, Nebbioso A, Rigano D. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds Acting through Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Findings and Future Directions. Nutrients 2024; 16:2399. [PMID: 39125279 PMCID: PMC11314203 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. Epigenetics, which regulates gene activity without altering the DNA's primary structure, can modulate cardiovascular homeostasis through DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. The effects of environmental stimuli on CVD are mediated by epigenetic changes, which can be reversible and, hence, are susceptible to pharmacological interventions. This represents an opportunity to prevent diseases by targeting harmful epigenetic modifications. Factors such as high-fat diets or nutrient deficiencies can influence epigenetic enzymes, affecting fetal growth, metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that plant-derived bioactive compounds can modulate epigenetic regulators and inflammatory responses, contributing to the cardioprotective effects of diets. Understanding these nutriepigenetic effects and their reversibility is crucial for developing effective interventions to combat CVD. This review delves into the general mechanisms of epigenetics, its regulatory roles in CVD, and the potential of epigenetics as a CVD therapeutic strategy. It also examines the role of epigenetic natural compounds (ENCs) in CVD and their potential as intervention tools for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bontempo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Lucia Capasso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Luigi De Masi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Dou H, Wang S, Qu D, Peng X, Zou N, Yang L. Caffeine improves mitochondrial dysfunction in the white matter of neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemia through deacetylation: a proteomic analysis of lysine acetylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1394886. [PMID: 38745725 PMCID: PMC11091324 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1394886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims White matter damage (WMD) is linked to both cerebral palsy and cognitive deficits in infants born prematurely. The focus of this study was to examine how caffeine influences the acetylation of proteins within the neonatal white matter and to evaluate its effectiveness in treating white matter damage caused by hypoxia-ischemia. Main methods We employed a method combining affinity enrichment with advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to profile acetylation in proteins from the white matter of neonatal rats grouped into control (Sham), hypoxic-ischemic (HI), and caffeine-treated (Caffeine) groups. Key findings Our findings included 1,999 sites of lysine acetylation across 1,123 proteins, with quantifiable changes noted in 1,342 sites within 689 proteins. Analysis of these patterns identified recurring sequences adjacent to the acetylation sites, notably YKacN, FkacN, and G * * * GkacS. Investigation into the biological roles of these proteins through Gene Ontology analysis indicated their involvement in a variety of cellular processes, predominantly within mitochondrial locations. Further analysis indicated that the acetylation of tau (Mapt), a protein associated with microtubules, was elevated in the HI condition; however, caffeine treatment appeared to mitigate this over-modification, thus potentially aiding in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation in the nervous system, and improving mitochondrial health. Caffeine inhibited acetylated Mapt through sirtuin 2 (SITR2), promoted Mapt nuclear translocation, and improved mitochondrial dysfunction, which was subsequently weakened by the SIRT2 inhibitor, AK-7. Significance Caffeine-induced changes in lysine acetylation may play a key role in improving mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiping Dou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Danyang Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ning Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Noroozi R, Rudnicka J, Pisarek A, Wysocka B, Masny A, Boroń M, Migacz-Gruszka K, Pruszkowska-Przybylska P, Kobus M, Lisman D, Zielińska G, Iljin A, Wiktorska JA, Michalczyk M, Kaczka P, Krzysztofik M, Sitek A, Ossowski A, Spólnicka M, Branicki W, Pośpiech E. Analysis of epigenetic clocks links yoga, sleep, education, reduced meat intake, coffee, and a SOCS2 gene variant to slower epigenetic aging. GeroScience 2024; 46:2583-2604. [PMID: 38103096 PMCID: PMC10828238 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) clocks hold promise for measuring biological age, useful for guiding clinical interventions and forensic identification. This study compared the commonly used DNAm clocks, using DNA methylation and SNP data generated from nearly 1000 human blood or buccal swab samples. We evaluated different preprocessing methods for age estimation, investigated the association of epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) with various lifestyle and sociodemographic factors, and undertook a series of novel genome-wide association analyses for different EAA measures to find associated genetic variants. Our results highlighted the Skin&Blood clock with ssNoob normalization as the most accurate predictor of chronological age. We provided novel evidence for an association between the practice of yoga and a reduction in the pace of aging (DunedinPACE). Increased sleep and physical activity were associated with lower mortality risk score (MRS) in our dataset. University degree, vegetable consumption, and coffee intake were associated with reduced levels of epigenetic aging, whereas smoking, higher BMI, meat consumption, and manual occupation correlated well with faster epigenetic aging, with FitAge, GrimAge, and DunedinPACE clocks showing the most robust associations. In addition, we found a novel association signal for SOCS2 rs73218878 (p = 2.87 × 10-8) and accelerated GrimAge. Our study emphasizes the importance of an optimized DNAm analysis workflow for accurate estimation of epigenetic age, which may influence downstream analyses. The results support the influence of genetic background on EAA. The associated SOCS2 is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling family known for its role in human longevity. The reported association between various risk factors and EAA has practical implications for the development of health programs to improve quality of life and reduce premature mortality associated with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Noroozi
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pisarek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bożena Wysocka
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Boroń
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Magdalena Kobus
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Lisman
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Zielińska
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Iljin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Michalczyk
- Department of Sport Nutrition, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczka
- Department of Sport Nutrition, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Department of Sport Nutrition, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ossowski
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Branicki
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pośpiech
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
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Schellhas L, Monasso GS, Felix JF, Jaddoe VW, Huang P, Fernández-Barrés S, Vrijheid M, Pesce G, Annesi-Maesano I, Page CM, Brantsæter AL, Bekkhus M, Håberg SE, London SJ, Munafò MR, Zuccolo L, Sharp GC. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and offspring cord blood DNA methylation: an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis. Epigenomics 2023; 15:1179-1193. [PMID: 38018434 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prenatal caffeine exposure may influence offspring health via DNA methylation, but no large studies have tested this. Materials & methods: Epigenome-wide association studies and differentially methylated regions in cord blood (450k or EPIC Illumina arrays) were meta-analyzed across six European cohorts (n = 3725). Differential methylation related to self-reported caffeine intake (mg/day) from coffee, tea and cola was compared with assess whether caffeine is driving effects. Results: One CpG site (cg19370043, PRRX1) was associated with caffeine and another (cg14591243, STAG1) with cola intake. A total of 12-22 differentially methylated regions were detected with limited overlap across caffeinated beverages. Conclusion: We found little evidence to support an intrauterine effect of caffeine on offspring DNA methylation. Statistical power limitations may have impacted our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schellhas
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany[
| | - Giulietta S Monasso
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Peiyuan Huang
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sílvia Fernández-Barrés
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08002, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Pesce
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, Team of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP), Sorbonne University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM and Montpellier University, Montpellier, 34090, France
- Department of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, 34295, France
| | - Christian M Page
- Department of Physical Health and Aging, Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Brantsæter
- Department of Food Safety, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Mona Bekkhus
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8DX, UK
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PN, UK
- Health Data Science Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, 20157, Italy
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PN, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
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Grant WB, Blake SM. Diet's Role in Modifying Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: History and Present Understanding. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1353-1382. [PMID: 37955087 PMCID: PMC10741367 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important nonpharmacological risk-modifying factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The approaches used here to assess diet's role in the risk of AD include multi-country ecological studies, prospective and cross-sectional observational studies, and laboratory studies. Ecological studies have identified fat, meat, and obesity from high-energy diets as important risk factors for AD and reported that AD rates peak about 15-20 years after national dietary changes. Observational studies have compared the Western dietary pattern with those of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean (MedDi), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets. Those studies identified AD risk factors including higher consumption of saturated and total fats, meat, and ultraprocessed foods and a lower risk of AD with higher consumption of fruits, legumes, nuts, omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, and whole grains. Diet-induced factors associated with a significant risk of AD include inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, elevated homocysteine, dietary advanced glycation end products, and trimethylamine N-oxide. The molecular mechanisms by which dietary bioactive components and specific foods affect risk of AD are discussed. Given most countries' entrenched food supply systems, the upward trends of AD rates would be hard to reverse. However, for people willing and able, a low-animal product diet with plenty of anti-inflammatory, low-glycemic load foods may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Blake
- Nutritional Neuroscience, Maui Memory Clinic, Wailuku, HI, USA
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