Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities, and Applications of the Polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Ginger): A Review

Progress in the preparation, structure and bio-functionality of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides: A review

Dictyophora indusiata (D. indusiata) is an elegant fungus known as the "mushroom queen" because of its rich nutritional value and resemblance to dancers wearing clean white dresses. Due to the harsh growth environment, the yield of D. indusiata is relatively low. Polysaccharides are the most abundant component among them and it is valued for its unique physiological function. Multiple extraction and purification methods have been used to separate and purify polysaccharides from D. indusiata. These polysaccharides have demonstrated strong biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. In addition, D. indusiata polysaccharides have shown promising potential for development and application in the areas of food, healthcare products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities and application prospects of D. indusiata polysaccharides were summarized. This review may enrich the knowledge about bioactive polysaccharides from D. indusiata and provide a theoretical basis. Due to diverse potential health-promoting properties of D. indusiata polysaccharides, further development for their application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals is expected.

Polysaccharides from Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Extraction, purification, structural features and biological activities-A review

Lonicera japonica Thunb.,commonly referred to as Caprifolium japonicum (Thunb.) Dum. Cours.,is a perennial herb classified under the caprifoliaceae family. It is utilized worldwide as a medicinal plant and also serves as food source and an ornamental plant. Lonicera japonica Thunb. polysaccharides (LJP) constitute one of its primary components, demonstrating a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. This paper reviews and summarizes recent research advancements on the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of LJP, offering a valuable foundation and up-to-date insights for the continued development and application of LJP in pharmaceutical and functional food sectors.

An updated and comprehensive review of the morphology, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity of Aster tataricus L. f

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Aster tataricus L.f., an extensively used herb in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2000 years, is known as "Zi wan" or "Fan huncao". Its dried root and rhizome hold great promise in the treatment of cough, asthma, tumor, inflammation, etc.Aim of the study: This literature review summarizes the morphology characteristics, ethnopharmacological use, phytochemical properties, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of Aster tataricus. Furthermore, this review will discuss the future research trends and development prospects of this plant.

Materials and methods

Using "Aster tataricus L.f.", "Traditional medicinal usage", "Phytochemistry", "Pharmacological effects" as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Aster tataricus L.f. using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb.

Result

A total of 186 compounds have been isolated and identified from Aster tataricus, including terpenes, organic acids, peptides, and flavonoids. And Aster tataricus has been widely used as a natural cough suppressant and has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, and anti-tumor effects. In addition, Aster tataricus has also been reported to have damaging effects on the liver as well as other toxicities were discussed in this review.

Conclusions

Aster tataricus is an ancient herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of pharmaco logical activities that has been used for thousands of years in China, and has shown remarkable effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases, especially cough, asthma, inflammation. Although its rich chemical constituents have various pharmacological activities, the underlying mechanisms, as well as its toxicity and safety, remains unclear and warrant further investigation.

Herbal medicines in Alzheimer's disease and the involvement of gut microbiota

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. It severely affects the quality of life of victims. The prevalence of AD has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is of great importance to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of AD and search for effective therapeutic approaches. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, an altered state of gut microbiota, has been well known for its involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. Much effort has been made in searching for approaches capable of modulating the composition of gut microbiota in recent years. Herbal medicines have attracted extensive attention in recent decades for the prevention and treatment of AD. Here, we gave an overview of the recent research progress on the modulatory effects of herbal medicines and herbal formulae on gut microbiota as well as the possible beneficial effects on AD, which may provide new insights into the discovery of anti-AD agents and their therapeutic potential for AD through modulating the composition of gut microbiota.

Recent Advances in Polysaccharides from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai.: Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Applications

This article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship, and health benefits of C. speciosa polysaccharides, and their potential application in food, medicine, functional products, and feed, in order to provide a useful reference for future research. Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai. has attracted the attention of health consumers and medical researchers as a traditional Chinese medicine with edible, medicinal, and nutritional benefits. According to this study, C. speciosa polysaccharides have significant health benefits, such as anti-diaetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Researchers determined the molecular weight, structural characteristics, and monosaccharide composition and ratio of C. speciosa polysaccharides by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. This study will lay a solid foundation for further optimization of the extraction process of C. speciosa polysaccharides and the development of their products. As an active ingredient with high value, C. speciosa polysaccharides are worthy of further study and full development. C. speciosa polysaccharides should be further explored in the future, to innovate their extraction methods, enrich their types and biological activities, and lay a solid foundation for further research and development of products containing polysaccharides that are beneficial to the human body.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristic, health benefit, and product application of the polysaccharides from bamboo shoot: A review

Bamboo shoot is a kind of widely distributed natural green vegetable, which has a long history of consumption and cultivation, and has edible, nutritional and economic value. Bamboo shoot is nutrient-rich food with carbohydrates, fats, proteins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids and other chemical components, can meet the body's needs. Notably, bamboo shoot polysaccharides are the most attractive saccharides, most of which are water-soluble polysaccharides, and their various biological activities have been paid more attention by researchers. With the deepening of research on bamboo shoot polysaccharides, they have been found to have anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-complement activities, immunomodulatory, etc. Further research on bamboo shoot polysaccharides, their sources, molecular weights, chemical structures, monosaccharide compositions and structural characteristics are constantly explored. In order to better research and development of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, it is necessary to carry on a comprehensive arrangement. Here, the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, health benefits, structure-activity relationships and product applications of bamboo shoot polysaccharides were systematically reviewed. This article will deepen the understanding of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, provide knowledge base for further research on bamboo shoot polysaccharides, and expand the vision for developing related products.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, and applications of polysaccharides from the genus Lilium: A review

The genus Lilium (Lilium) has been widely used in East Asia for over 2000 years due to its rich nutritional and medicinal value, serving as both food and medicinal ingredient. Polysaccharides, as one of the most important bioactive components in Lilium, offer various health benefits. Recently, polysaccharides from Lilium plants have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their diverse biological properties including immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-aging and anti-radiation effects. However, the limited comprehensive understanding of polysaccharides from Lilium plants has hindered their development and utilization. This review focuses on the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, structure-activity relationships, applications, and relevant bibliometrics of polysaccharides from Lilium plants. Additionally, it delves into the potential development and future research directions. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of polysaccharides from Lilium plants and to serve as a basis for further research and development as therapeutic agents and multifunctional biomaterials.

Extraction of High Value Products from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Utilization of Residual Biomass

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, and its extracts have been found to contain several compounds with beneficial bioactivities. Nowadays, the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable extraction methods has attracted considerable interest. The main objective of this study was to evaluate subcritical propane (scPropane), supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and supercritical CO2 with ethanol (scCO2 + EtOH) as co-solvent methods for the extraction of high value products from ginger. In addition, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass in a second extraction as a part of the circular economy was evaluated. Both the primary and the secondary biomass led to high yield percentages, ranging from 1.23% to 6.42%. The highest yield was observed in the scCO2 + EtOH, with biomass prior used to scCO2 extraction. All extracts presented with high similarities as far as their total phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity, and chemical composition. The most abundant compounds, identified by the two different gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems present, were a-zingiberene, β- sesquiphellandrene, a-farnesene, β-bisabolene, zingerone, gingerol, a-curcumene, and γ-muurolene. Interestingly, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass was found to be promising, as the extracts showed high antioxidant capacity and consisted of significant amounts of compounds with beneficial properties.

Research progress on ginger polysaccharides: extraction, purification and structure-bioactivity relationship

Ginger is a widespread source of herbal medicine and traditional spices. Among its various bioactive components, ginger polysaccharides (GPs) have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide because of their significant bioactivity. Recent studies have demonstrated the antioxidant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, cough suppressant and thrombotic anticoagulant effects of GPs. However, the structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs has yet to be comprehensively investigated. This review aims to explore all the current published studies on GPs. It further examines various aspects, including the extraction and purification methods, structure, bioactivity, application and structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs. Thus, this review intends to provide a reference for future GP-related research and development.

Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Application of the Polysaccharides from Lonicera japonica Thunb.: A Review

Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely distributed plant with ornamental, economic, edible, and medicinal values. L. japonica is a phytoantibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and a potent therapeutic effect on various infectious diseases. The anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-depression, antioxidative, immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-gout, and anti-alcohol-addiction effects of L. japonica can also be explained by bioactive polysaccharides isolated from this plant. Several researchers have determined the molecular weight, chemical structure, and monosaccharide composition and ratio of L. japonica polysaccharides by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and chromatography. This article searched in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI databases within the last 12 years, using "Lonicera. japonica polysaccharides", "Lonicera. japonica Thunb. polysaccharides", and "Honeysuckle polysaccharides" as the key word, systematically reviewed the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship, and health benefits of L. japonica polysaccharides to provide insights for future studies. Further, we elaborated on the potential applications of L. japonica polysaccharides in the food, medicine, and daily chemical industry, such as using L. japonica as raw material to make lozenges, soy sauce and toothpaste, etc. This review will be a useful reference for the further optimization of functional products developed from L. japonica polysaccharides.