1
|
Wang C, Zhang X, Wu K, Liu S, Li X, Zhu C, Xiao Y, Fang Z, Liu J. Two Zn 2Cys 6-type transcription factors respond to aromatic compounds and regulate the expression of laccases in the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0054524. [PMID: 38899887 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00545-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi differentially express laccases when they encounter aromatic compounds. However, the underlying mechanisms are still being explored. Here, proteomics analysis revealed that in addition to increased laccase activity, proteins involved in sphingolipid metabolism and toluene degradation as well as some cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) were differentially expressed and significantly enriched during 48 h of o-toluidine exposure, in Trametes hirsuta AH28-2. Two Zn2Cys6-type transcription factors (TFs), TH8421 and TH4300, were upregulated. Bioinformatics docking and isothermal titration calorimetry assays showed that each of them could bind directly to o-toluidine and another aromatic monomer, guaiacol. Binding to aromatic compounds promoted the formation of TH8421/TH4300 heterodimers. TH8421 and TH4300 silencing in T. hirsuta AH28-2 led to decreased transcriptional levels and activities of LacA and LacB upon o-toluidine and guaiacol exposure. EMSA and ChIP-qPCR analysis further showed that TH8421 and TH4300 bound directly with the promoter regions of lacA and lacB containing CGG or CCG motifs. Furthermore, the two TFs were involved in direct and positive regulation of the transcription of some CYP450s. Together, TH8421 and TH4300, two key regulators found in T. hirsuta AH28-2, function as heterodimers to simultaneously trigger the expression of downstream laccases and intracellular enzymes. Monomeric aromatic compounds act as ligands to promote heterodimer formation and enhance the transcriptional activities of the two TFs.IMPORTANCEWhite-rot fungi differentially express laccase isoenzymes when exposed to aromatic compounds. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying differential laccase expression is essential to elucidate how white-rot fungi respond to the environment. Our study shows that two Zn2Cys6-type transcription factors form heterodimers, interact with the promoters of laccase genes, and positively regulate laccase transcription in Trametes hirsuta AH28-2. Aromatic monomer addition induces faster heterodimer formation and rate of activity. These findings not only identify two new transcription factors involved in fungal laccase transcription but also deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response to aromatics exposure in white-rot fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenglong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaona Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lorentzen JC, Ekberg O, Alm M, Björk F, Harderup LE, Johanson G. Mold Odor from Wood Treated with Chlorophenols despite Mold Growth That Can Only Be Seen Using a Microscope. Microorganisms 2024; 12:395. [PMID: 38399798 PMCID: PMC10891868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that indoor odorous chloroanisoles (CAs) are still being emitted due to microbial methylation of hazardous chlorophenols (CPs) present in legacy wood preservatives. Meanwhile, Swedish researchers reported that this malodor, described since the early 1970s, is caused by hazardous mold. Here, we examined to what extent CP-treated wood contains mold and if mold correlates with perceived odor. We found no studies in PubMed or Web of Science addressing this question. Further, we investigated two schools built in the 1960s with odor originating from crawlspaces. No visible mold was evident in the crawlspaces or on the surfaces of treated wood samples. Using a microscope, varying amounts of mold growth were detected on the samples, all containing both CP(s) and CA(s). Some samples smelled, and the odor correlated with the amount of mold growth. We conclude that superficial microscopic mold on treated wood suffices produced the odor. Further, we argue that CPs rather than mold could explain the health effects reported in epidemiological studies that use mold odor as an indicator of hazardous exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C. Lorentzen
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE-113 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ekberg
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Maria Alm
- Urban Property Department, SE-402 26 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Folke Björk
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lars-Erik Harderup
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Navina BK, Velmurugan NK, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G, Palanivelu J, Thamarai P, Vickram AS, Saravanan A, Shakoor A. Fungal bioremediation approaches for the removal of toxic pollutants: Mechanistic understanding for biorefinery applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141123. [PMID: 38185426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pollution is a global menace that poses harmful effects on all the living ecosystems and to the Earth. As years pass by, the available and the looming rate of pollutants increases at a faster rate. Although many treatments and processing strategies are waged for treating such pollutants, the by-products and the wastes or drain off generated by these treatments further engages in the emission of hazardous waste. Innovative and long-lasting solutions are required to address the urgent global issue of hazardous pollutant remediation from contaminated environments. Myco-remediation is a top-down green and eco-friendly tool for pollution management. It is a cost-effective and safer practice of converting pernicious substances into non-toxic forms by the use of fungi. But these pollutants can be transformed into useable products along with multiple benefits for the environment such as sequestration of carbon emissions and also to generate high valuable bioactive materials that fits as a sustainable economic model. The current study has examined the possible applications of fungi in biorefineries and their critical role in the transformation and detoxification of pollutants. The paper offers important insights into using fungal bioremediation for both economically and environmentally sound solutions in the domain of biorefinery applications by combining recent research findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bala Krishnan Navina
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Nandha Kumar Velmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Jeyanthi Palanivelu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - P Thamarai
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - A Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, West Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|