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Augusto KKL, Crapnell RD, Bernalte E, Zighed S, Ehamparanathan A, Pimlott JL, Andrews HG, Whittingham MJ, Rowley-Neale SJ, Fatibello-Filho O, Banks CE. Optimised graphite/carbon black loading of recycled PLA for the production of low-cost conductive filament and its application to the detection of β-estradiol in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:375. [PMID: 38849611 PMCID: PMC11161437 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The production, optimisation, physicochemical, and electroanalytical characterisation of a low-cost electrically conductive additive manufacturing filament made with recycled poly(lactic acid) (rPLA), castor oil, carbon black, and graphite (CB-G/PLA) is reported. Through optimising the carbon black and graphite loading, the best ratio for conductivity, low material cost, and printability was found to be 60% carbon black to 40% graphite. The maximum composition within the rPLA with 10 wt% castor oil was found to be an overall nanocarbon loading of 35 wt% which produced a price of less than £0.01 per electrode whilst still offering excellent low-temperature flexibility and reproducible printing. The additive manufactured electrodes produced from this filament offered excellent electrochemical performance, with a heterogeneous electron (charge) transfer rate constant, k0 calculated to be (2.6 ± 0.1) × 10-3 cm s-1 compared to (0.46 ± 0.03) × 10-3 cm s-1 for the commercial PLA benchmark. The additive manufactured electrodes were applied to the determination of β-estradiol, achieving a sensitivity of 400 nA µM-1, a limit of quantification of 70 nM, and a limit of detection of 21 nM, which compared excellently to other reports in the literature. The system was then applied to the detection of ß-estradiol within four real water samples, including tap, bottled, river, and lake water, where recoveries between 95 and 109% were obtained. Due to the ability to create high-performance filament at a low material cost (£0.06 per gram) and through the use of more sustainable materials such as recycled polymers, bio-based plasticisers, and naturally occurring graphite, additive manufacturing will have a permanent place within the electroanalysis arsenal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K L Augusto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Laboratório de Analítica, Bioanalítica, Biosensores, Electroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, CP 676, 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Sabri Zighed
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Department of Physical Measurements, Sorbonne Paris North University, Place du 8 Mai 1945, Saint-Denis, 93200, France
| | - Anbuchselvan Ehamparanathan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
- Department of Physical Measurements, Sorbonne Paris North University, Place du 8 Mai 1945, Saint-Denis, 93200, France
| | - Jessica L Pimlott
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Hayley G Andrews
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Matthew J Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Samuel J Rowley-Neale
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Laboratório de Analítica, Bioanalítica, Biosensores, Electroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, CP 676, 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, Manchester, Great Britain.
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Puccetti M, Pariano M, Schoubben A, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M. Biologics, theranostics, and personalized medicine in drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107086. [PMID: 38295917 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The progress in human disease treatment can be greatly advanced through the implementation of nanomedicine. This approach involves targeted and cell-specific therapy, controlled drug release, personalized dosage forms, wearable drug delivery, and companion diagnostics. By integrating cutting-edge technologies with drug delivery systems, greater precision can be achieved at the tissue and cellular levels through the use of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and the development of electrochemical sensor systems. This precision targeting - by virtue of nanotechnology - allows for therapy to be directed specifically to affected tissues while greatly reducing side effects on healthy tissues. As such, nanomedicine has the potential to transform the treatment of conditions such as cancer, genetic diseases, and chronic illnesses by facilitating precise and cell-specific drug delivery. Additionally, personalized dosage forms and wearable devices offer the ability to tailor treatment to the unique needs of each patient, thereby increasing therapeutic effectiveness and compliance. Companion diagnostics further enable efficient monitoring of treatment response, enabling customized adjustments to the treatment plan. The question of whether all the potential therapeutic approaches outlined here are viable alternatives to current treatments is also discussed. In general, the application of nanotechnology in the field of biomedicine may provide a strong alternative to existing treatments for several reasons. In this review, we aim to present evidence that, although in early stages, fully merging advanced technology with innovative drug delivery shows promise for successful implementation across various disease areas, including cancer and genetic or chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy,.
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy,.
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Mamun A, Kiari M, Sabantina L. A Recent Review of Electrospun Porous Carbon Nanofiber Mats for Energy Storage and Generation Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:830. [PMID: 37888002 PMCID: PMC10608773 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats have excellent properties, such as a large surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity, and have attracted great attention in energy storage and power generation applications. Moreover, due to their exceptional properties, they can be used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), membrane electrodes for fuel cells, catalytic applications such as oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), and sensing applications such as biosensors, electrochemical sensors, and chemical sensors, providing a comprehensive insight into energy storage development and applications. This study focuses on the role of electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats in improving energy storage and generation and contributes to a better understanding of the fabrication process of electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats. In addition, a comprehensive review of various alternative preparation methods covering a wide range from natural polymers to synthetic carbon-rich materials is provided, along with insights into the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group “Nanomaterials”, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mohamed Kiari
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Materials, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Faculty of Apparel Engineering and Textile Processing, Berlin University of Applied Sciences—HTW Berlin, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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