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Roversi FM, Bueno MLP, da Silva JAF, Assis-Mendonça GR, Saad STO. Optimized multiplex immunofluorescence for the characterization of tumor immune microenvironment in neoplastic paraffin-preserved tissues. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1055-1065. [PMID: 37191838 PMCID: PMC10409948 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of neoplastic cells enabled the discovery of important tumor-related biomarkers which resulted in new forms of early diagnosis, therapeutic options, and prognostic markers. Thus, immunofluorescence (IF), a high throughput imaging technology, represents a valuable method that enables the virtual characterization and localization of diverse cell types and targets, preserving tissue architecture and spatial surroundings. IF staining and analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are considered a challenge due to several difficulties, such as tissue autofluorescence, non-specific antibody binding, and image acquisition and quality. This study aimed to develop a multiplex-fluorescence staining technique with high-contrast and high-quality multiple-color images to enrich the investigation of important biomarkers. We present a robust optimized multiple-immunofluorescence procedure that reduced sample autofluorescence, enabled the use of simultaneous antibodies on the same sample, and showed super-resolution imaging through precise antigen localization. We illustrated the utility of this powerful method in FFPE neoplastic appendix, lymph node and bone marrow biopsies, and a 3D-coculture system, in which cells are enabled to grow and interact with their surroundings in all 3D dimensions. Our optimized multiple-immunofluorescence method represents a powerful tool for better understanding the complexity of tumor cells, characterizing cell populations and spatial localization, revealing predictive and prognostic biomarkers, and identifying immunologic phenotypes in a single and limited sample. This valuable IF protocol successfully enables tumor microenvironment profiling that could contribute to the study of cellular crosstalk and the niche, and to the identification of predictive biomarkers for neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marconi Roversi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480 - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-878, Brazil.
- Department of Surgery Division of Transplantation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Maura Lima Pereira Bueno
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480 - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-878, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Rua Carlos Chagas, 480 - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13083-878, Brazil
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Cell-Main Spectra Profile Screening Technique in Simulation of Circulating Tumour Cells Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153775. [PMID: 34359679 PMCID: PMC8345129 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells can detach from a primary tumour and present in peripheral blood as circulating tumour cells, or in the widest sense, as circulating atypical cells (CAC). Although CAC are a promising biomarker for non-invasive cancer screening, they occur at very low frequency and their detection and characterization remains challenging. We here validated isolation and concentration of untouched CAC from spiked cancer cell blood samples and combined this with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This workflow was optimised to detect as little as six cancer cells per 5000 white blood cells. Future development of our workflow may cover a larger range of cancer types and further improvements to enable the use of MALDI-TOF MS as a cancer-screening platform in clinical settings. Abstract Circulating atypical cells (CAC) are released from a primary tumour site into peripheral blood and are indicators of cancer metastasis. CAC occur at very low frequency in circulating blood, and their detection remains challenging. Moreover, white blood cells (WBC) are the major contaminant in enriched CAC samples. Here, we developed matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as a novel CAC characterization platform. Main spectra profiles (MSP) of normal and cancer cells were generated by MALDI-TOF MS, and a cell-main spectra database was then compiled and analysed using the MALDI Biotyper software. Logarithmic scores accurately predicted distinct cell types. The feasibility of this workflow was then validated using simulated samples, which were prepared by 5000 WBC of three healthy individuals spiked with varying numbers (3, 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100) of lung, colon, or prostate cancer cells. MALDI-TOF MS was able to detect cancer cells down to six cells over the background noise of 5000 WBC with significantly higher predictive scores as compared to WBC alone. Further development of cell-MSP database to cover all cancer types sourced from cell lines and patient tumours may enable the use of MALDI-TOF MS as a cancer-screening platform in clinical settings in the future.
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Aguilar-Avelar C, Soto-García B, Aráiz-Hernández D, Yee-de León JF, Esparza M, Chacón F, Delgado-Balderas JR, Alvarez MM, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Gómez-Guerra LS, Velarde-Calvillo LP, Abarca-Blanco A, Wong-Campos JD. High-Throughput Automated Microscopy of Circulating Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13766. [PMID: 31551445 PMCID: PMC6760523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have the potential of becoming the gold standard marker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring. However, current methods for its isolation and characterization suffer from equipment variability and human operator error that hinder its widespread use. Here we report the design and construction of a fully automated high-throughput fluorescence microscope that enables the imaging and classification of cancer cells that were labeled by immunostaining procedures. An excellent agreement between our machine vision-based approach and a state-of-the-art microscopy equipment was achieved. Our integral approach provides a path for operator-free and robust analysis of cancer cells as a standard clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jesús Rolando Delgado-Balderas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Mexico
| | - Mario M Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.,Departamento de Mecatrónica e Ingeniería Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Lauro S Gómez-Guerra
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Mexico
| | | | | | - J D Wong-Campos
- Delee Corp., Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA. .,Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Bhakdi SC, Suriyaphol P, Thaicharoen P, Grote STK, Komoltri C, Chaiyaprasithi B, Charnkaew K. Accuracy of Tumour-Associated Circulating Endothelial Cells as a Screening Biomarker for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081064. [PMID: 31357651 PMCID: PMC6721410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though more than 350,000 men die from prostate cancer every year, broad-based screening for the disease remains a controversial topic. Guidelines demand that the only commonly accepted screening tool, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, must be followed by prostate biopsy if results are elevated. Due to the procedure’s low positive predictive value (PPV), however, over 80% of biopsies are performed on healthy men or men with clinically insignificant cancer—prompting calls for new ways of vetting equivocal PSA readings prior to the procedure. Responding to the challenge, the present study investigated the diagnostic potential of tumour-associated circulating endothelial cells (tCECs), which have previously been described as a novel, blood-based biomarker for clinically significant cancers. Specifically, the objective was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a tCEC-based blood test to detect clinically significant prostate cancer (defined as Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4) in high-risk patients. Performed in a blinded, prospective, single-centre set-up, it compared a novel tCEC index test with transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy as a reference on a total of 170 patients and found that a tCEC add-on test will almost double the PPV of a standalone PSA test (32% vs. 17%; p = 0.0012), while retaining a negative predictive value above 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Chakrit Bhakdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- X-ZELL, 133 Cecil Street, #06-02 Keck Seng Tower, Singapore 069535, Singapore.
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Thaicharoen
- X-ZELL, 133 Cecil Street, #06-02 Keck Seng Tower, Singapore 069535, Singapore
| | | | - Chulaluk Komoltri
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Bansithi Chaiyaprasithi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Komgrid Charnkaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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