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Akpe SG, Choi SH, Ham HC. First-principles study on the design of nickel based bimetallic catalysts for xylose to xylitol conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:352-364. [PMID: 38063502 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for effective biomass utilization and upgrading is catalysis. This research paper focuses on the conversion of xylose into xylitol, a valuable chemical used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The primary objective is to design more efficient and cost-effective catalysts for this conversion process. The study investigates the use of Ni-bimetallic catalysts by employing a first-principles technique. Catalyst models derived from subsets of Ni (111) surfaces with various transition metals (M = Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, and Cu) are examined. The catalyst surfaces are screened based on the rate-determining step (RDS) involved in the conversion of xylose to xylitol, with Ni (111) serving as a reference. Electronic structure calculations are used to analyze the activities of the investigated Ni-bimetallic catalysts relative to the RDS. The results show that certain bimetallic surfaces exhibit significantly lower kinetic barriers compared to the Ni (111) surface. The hydrogenation process when investigated using different transition state paths, reveals that hydrogenation commences at the carbon atom of the carbonyl group of xylose after the ring-opening step. Stability segregation tests demonstrate varying behaviors among the screened catalysts, with Ni (111)/Cr/Ni showing greater stability than Ni (111)/Co. This study sheds light on the theoretical design of catalysts for xylose conversion, providing insights for the development of more efficient and active catalysts for industrial applications. The research highlights the significance of theoretical methodologies in tailoring catalyst surfaces to optimize their performance in biomass upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedrack G Akpe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Center for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Ham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
- Program in Smart Digital Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
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Jin T, Xing X, Xie Y, Sun Y, Bian S, Liu L, Chen G, Wang X, Yu X, Su Y. Evaluation of Preparation and Detoxification of Hemicellulose Hydrolysate for Improved Xylitol Production from Quinoa Straw. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010516. [PMID: 36613957 PMCID: PMC9820623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoa straw is rich in hemicellulose, and it could be hydrolyzed into xylose. It is a promising energy resource alternative that acts as a potential low-cost material for producing xylitol. In this study, quinoa straw was used as a substrate subjected to the hydrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid solution. Based on the production of xylose and inhibitors during hydrolysis, the optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose in quinoa straw were determined. Detoxification was performed via activated carbon adsorption. The optimal detoxification conditions were determined on the basis of major inhibitor concentrations in the hydrolysate. When the addition of activated carbon was 3% at 30 °C for 40 min, the removal of formic acid, acetic acid, furfural, and 5-HMF could reach 66.52%, 64.54%, 88.31%, and 89.44%, respectively. In addition to activated carbon adsorption, vacuum evaporation was further conducted to perform two-step detoxification. Subsequently, the detoxified hydrolysate was used for xylitol fermentation. The yield of xylitol reached 0.50 g/g after 96 h of fermentation by Candida tropicalis (CICC 1779). It is 1.2-fold higher than that obtained through the sole vacuum evaporation method. This study validated the feasibility of xylitol production from quinoa straw via a biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Jin
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiwen Xing
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yubing Xie
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sijia Bian
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Liying Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinzhe Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yingjie Su
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (Y.S.)
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On the Effect of Cobalt Promotion over Ni/CeO2 Catalyst for CO2 Thermal and Plasma Assisted Methanation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, carbon dioxide hydrogenation leading to synthetic fuels and value-added molecules has been proposed as a promising technology for stabilizing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Methanation or Sabatier are possible reactions to valorize the CO2. In the present work, thermal CO2 methanation and non-thermal plasma (NTP)-assisted CO2 methanation was performed over 15Ni/CeO2 promoted with 1 and 5 wt% of cobalt. The promotion effect of cobalt is proven both for plasma and thermal reaction and can mostly be linked with the basic properties of the materials.
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Totong S, Laosiripojana W, Laosiripojana N, Daorattanachai P. Nickel and Rhenium Mixed Oxides-Doped Graphene Oxide (MOs/GO) Catalyst for the Oxidative Depolymerization of Fractionated Bagasse Lignin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sansanee Totong
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Weerawan Laosiripojana
- Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Pornlada Daorattanachai
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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Vilcocq L, Paez A, Freitas VDS, Veyre L, Fongarland P, Philippe R. Unexpected reactivity related to support effects during xylose hydrogenation over ruthenium catalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39387-39398. [PMID: 35492485 PMCID: PMC9044411 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylose is a major component of hemicelluloses. In this paper, its hydrogenation to xylitol in aqueous medium was investigated with two Ru/TiO2 catalysts prepared with two commercial TiO2 supports. A strong impact of the support on catalytic performance was evidenced. Ru/TiO2-R led to fast and selective conversion of xylose (100% conversion in 2 h at 120 °C with 99% selectivity) whereas Ru/TiO2-A gave a slower and much less selective transformation (58% conversion in 4 h at 120 °C with 17% selectivity) with the formation of several by-products. Detailed characterization of the catalysts with ICP, XRD, FTIR, TEM, H2 chemisorption, N2 porosimetry, TPR and acid-base titration was performed to elucidate the role of each support. TiO2-R has a small specific surface area with large ruthenium nanoparticles in weak interaction with the TiO2 support and no acidity, whereas TiO2-A is a mesoporous material with a large specific surface area that is mildly acidic, and bears small ruthenium particles in strong interaction with the TiO2 support. The former was very active and selective for xylose hydrogenation to xylitol whereas the latter was less active and poorly selective. Moreover, careful analysis of the reaction products also revealed that anatase TiO2 can catalyze undesired side-reactions such as xylose isomerisation to various pentoses, and therefore the corresponding unexpected polyols (arabitol, ribitol) were produced during xylose conversion by hydrogenation. In a first kinetic approach, a simplified kinetic model was built to compare quantitatively intrinsic reaction rates of both catalysts. The kinetic constant for hydrogenation was 20 times higher for Ru/TiO2-R at 120 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Vilcocq
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
| | - Ana Paez
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
| | - Victoria D S Freitas
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
| | - Pascal Fongarland
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
| | - Régis Philippe
- Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes, Materials (CP2M), UMR 5128 - CNRS, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 CPE-Lyon Villeurbanne F-69616 France
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Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang F, Jiang J. Xylo-oligosaccharides and lignin production from Camellia oleifera shell by malic acid hydrolysis at mild conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125897. [PMID: 34523561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera shell (COS), a by-product of processing woody vegetable oil, is rich in hemicellulose and lignin. In this study, we investigated the effects of acid concentration, pretreatment temperature and reaction time on the concentration and yield of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and the degree of polymerization (DP) distribution of XOS when pretreating COS with malic acid (MA). Under moderate condition (2 M MA, 120 ℃, 30 min), the maximum yield of XOS with DP 2-4 was 48.78% (based on the initial xylan) with low xylose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, in which xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3) and xylotraose (X4) concentrations were 5.22 g/L, 2.75 g/L and 2.91 g/L, respectively. In addition, acid-insoluble lignin (AIL) in the residue after MA pretreatment and milling wood lignin (MWL) were mainly composed of guaiacyl and syringyl. AIL has higher thermal stability than MWL, which can be the stabilizer for producing flame-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Akpe SG, Choi SH, Ham HC. Conversion of cyclic xylose into xylitol on Ru, Pt, Pd, Ni, and Rh catalysts: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26195-26208. [PMID: 34812819 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no theoretical study on the hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol on a catalyst's surface, limiting proper understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the design of effective catalysts. In this study, DFT techniques were used for the first time to investigate the mechanisms of xylose to xylitol conversion on five notable transition metal (TM) surfaces: Ru(0001), Pt(111), Pd(111), Rh(111), and Ni(111). Two transition state (TS) paths were investigated: TS Path A and TS Path B. The TS Path B, which was further subdivided into TS Path B1 and B2, was proposed to be the minimum energy path (MEP) for the reaction process. According to our computational results, the MEP for this reaction begins with the structural rearrangement of cyclic xylose into its acyclic form prior to step-wise hydrogenation. The rate-determining step (RDS) on Ru(0001), Pt(111), Pd(111), and Ni(111) was discovered to be the ring-opening process via C-O bond scission of cyclic xylose. On Rh(111), however, the RDS was found to be the first hydrogenation stage, leading to the hydrogenation intermediate. Furthermore, based on the RDS barrier, our results revealed that the activities of the tested TM surfaces follow the trend: Ru(0001) > Rh(111) ≥ Ni(111) > Pd(111) > Pt(111). This result demonstrates the higher activity of Ru(0001) compared to other surfaces used for xylose hydrogenation. It correlates with experimental trends in relation to Ru(0001) superiority and provides the basis for understanding the theoretical design of economical and more active catalysts for xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedrack G Akpe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Chul Ham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. .,Program in Smart Digital Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Qiu J, Tang X, Sun Y, Zeng X, Lin L. Efficient Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols over a Synergistic and Sustainable Catalyst. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangqing Zhang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Fuzhou University Jinjiang Fujian 362251 China
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
| | - Jiarong Qiu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Fuzhou University Jinjiang Fujian 362251 China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‐valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of High‐valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‐valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of High‐valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‐valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of High‐valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‐valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of High‐valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361102 China
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Yamaguchi S, Mizugaki T, Mitsudome T. Efficient D‐Xylose Hydrogenation to D‐Xylitol over a Hydrotalcite‐Supported Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticle Catalyst. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Tomoo Mizugaki
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takato Mitsudome
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Tathod AP, Dhepe PL. Elucidating the effect of solid base on the hydrogenation of C5 and C6 sugars over Pt-Sn bimetallic catalyst at room temperature. Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108341. [PMID: 33992986 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of sugars into sugar alcohols at room temperature with exceedingly high yields are achieved over Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in the presence of calcined hydrotalcite. pH of the reaction mixture significantly affects the conversion and selectivity for sugar alcohols. Selection of a suitable base is the key to achieve optimum yields. Various solid bases in combination with Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were evaluated for hydrogenation of sugars. Amongst all combinations, the mixture (1:1 wt/wt) of Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 and calcined hydrotalcite showed the best results. Hydrotalcite helps to make the pH of reaction mixture alkaline at which sugar molecules undergo ring opening. The sugar molecule in open chain form has carbonyl group which can be polarized by Sn in Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 and Pt facilitates the hydrogenation. In the current work, effect of both; solid base and Sn as a promoter has been studied to improve the yields of sugar alcohols from various C5 and C6 sugars at very mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup P Tathod
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India; Light Stock Processing Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248 005, India.
| | - Paresh L Dhepe
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.
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12
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You Y, Zhang X, Li P, Lei F, Jiang J. Co-production of xylooligosaccharides and activated carbons from Camellia oleifera shell treated by the catalysis and activation of zinc chloride. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123131. [PMID: 32197191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera shell (COS) is a worthy byproduct in woody edible oil production enriched in hemicellulose and lignin. This paper aims to explore the high-value transformation of COS for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with main degree of polymerization (DP) of 2-5 by the catalysis of ZnCl2. The effect of pretreatment temperature, reaction time and ZnCl2 concentration on the contents and DP distributions of XOS were analyzed. Moderate reaction conditions tended to achieve high content XOS, and the maximum value 61.38% and 14.39 g/L of XOS yield and concentration, respectively, peaked at 170 °C for 30 min using 0.5% (w/w) ZnCl2. The first time the solid residues derived from the production process of XOS were used as the precursor for the co-production of activated carbons (AC). The maximum iodine values and BET surface area were 5623.94 mg/g and 1244.46 m2/g, respectively, using 2.20 M ZnCl2 as the activating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi You
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiankun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- GuangXi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- GuangXi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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