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Eghbalinia S, Katbab A, Nazockdast H, Katbab P. Highly compressible piezoresistive strain sensor with a semi-IPN structure based on PU sponge/RTV silicone rubber/MWCNTs. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Polymer Processing under Microwaves. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3961233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, microwave heating has experienced a great development and reached various domains of application, especially in material processing. In the field of polymers, this unusual source of energy showed important advantages arising from the direct microwave/matter interaction. Indeed, microwave heating allows regio-, chemio-, and stereo-selectivity, faster chemical reactions, and higher yields even in solvent-free processes. Thus, this heating mode provides a good alternative to the conventional heating by reducing time and energy consumption, hence reducing the costs and ecological impact of polymer chemistry and processing. This review states some achievements in the use of microwaves as energy source during the synthesis and transformation of polymers. Both in-solution and free-solvent processes are described at different scales, with comparison between microwave and conventional heating.
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Xiao Y, Yan L, Hao Y, Qu S, Xue J, Zhu D, Wang C, Bian H. Mechanism of the foaming agent‐assisted microwave drying process on the construction of natural raw rubber network and cross‐linking network. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Lizhi Yan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Yingjie Hao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Shengqi Qu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Junxiu Xue
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Huiguang Bian
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
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Veeramuthu L, Venkatesan M, Benas JS, Cho CJ, Lee CC, Lieu FK, Lin JH, Lee RH, Kuo CC. Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4281. [PMID: 34960831 PMCID: PMC8705576 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conducting of polymers belongs to the class of polymers exhibiting excellence in electrical performances because of their intrinsic delocalized π- electrons and their tunability ranges from semi-conductive to metallic conductive regime. Conducting polymers and their composites serve greater functionality in the application of strain and pressure sensors, especially in yielding a better figure of merits, such as improved sensitivity, sensing range, durability, and mechanical robustness. The electrospinning process allows the formation of micro to nano-dimensional fibers with solution-processing attributes and offers an exciting aspect ratio by forming ultra-long fibrous structures. This review comprehensively covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, sensor fabrication, working modes, and recent trends in achieving the sensitivity, wide-sensing range, reduced hysteresis, and durability of thin film, porous, and nanofibrous sensors. Furthermore, nanofiber and textile-based sensory device importance and its growth towards futuristic wearable electronics in a technological era was systematically reviewed to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Jean-Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Chin Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Hon Lin
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
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Vashisth A, Upama ST, Anas M, Oh JH, Patil N, Green MJ. Radio frequency heating and material processing using carbon susceptors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5255-5264. [PMID: 36132636 PMCID: PMC9419054 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have been shown to rapidly evolve heat in response to electromagnetic fields. Initial studies focused on the use of microwaves, but more recently, it was discovered that carbon nanomaterial systems heat in response to electric fields in the radio frequency range (RF, 1-200 MHz). This is an exciting development because this range of radio frequencies is safe and versatile compared to microwaves. Additional RF susceptor materials include other carbonaceous materials such as carbon black, graphite, graphene oxide, laser-induced graphene, and carbon fibers. Such conductive fillers can be dispersed in matrices such as polymer or ceramics; these composites heat rapidly when stimulated by electromagnetic waves. These findings are valuable for materials processing, where volumetric and/or targeted heating are needed, such as curing composites, bonding multi-material surfaces, additive manufacturing, chemical reactions, actuation, and medical ablation. By changing the loading of these conductive RF susceptors in the embedding medium, material properties can be customized to achieve different heating rates, with possible other benefits in thermo-mechanical properties. Compared to traditional heating and processing methods, RF heating provides faster heating rates with lower infrastructure requirements and better energy efficiency; non-contact RF applicators or capacitors can be used for out-of-oven processing, allowing for distributed manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Vashisth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Shegufta T Upama
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Muhammad Anas
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Oh
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Nutan Patil
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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Kiyotake EA, Thomas EE, Homburg HB, Milton CK, Smitherman AD, Donahue ND, Fung KM, Wilhelm S, Martin MD, Detamore MS. Conductive and injectable hyaluronic acid/gelatin/gold nanorod hydrogels for enhanced surgical translation and bioprinting. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:365-382. [PMID: 34390325 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence indicating the need to combine the rehabilitation and regenerative medicine fields to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI), but there are limited methods to synergistically combine the fields. Conductive biomaterials may enable synergistic combination of biomaterials with electric stimulation (ES), which may enable direct ES of neurons to enhance axon regeneration and reorganization for better functional recovery; however, there are three major challenges in developing conductive biomaterials: (1) low conductivity of conductive composites, (2) many conductive components are cytotoxic, and (3) many conductive biomaterials are pre-formed scaffolds and are not injectable. Pre-formed, noninjectable scaffolds may hinder clinical translation in a surgical context for the most common contusion-type of SCI. Alternatively, an injectable biomaterial, inspired by lessons from bioinks in the bioprinting field, may be more translational for contusion SCIs. Therefore, in the current study, a conductive hydrogel was developed by incorporating high aspect ratio citrate-gold nanorods (GNRs) into a hyaluronic acid and gelatin hydrogel. To fabricate nontoxic citrate-GNRs, a robust synthesis for high aspect ratio GNRs was combined with an indirect ligand exchange to exchange a cytotoxic surfactant for nontoxic citrate. For enhanced surgical placement, the hydrogel precursor solution (i.e., before crosslinking) was paste-like, injectable/bioprintable, and fast-crosslinking (i.e., 4 min). Finally, the crosslinked hydrogel supported the adhesion/viability of seeded rat neural stem cells in vitro. The current study developed and characterized a GNR conductive hydrogel/bioink that provided a refinable and translational platform for future synergistic combination with ES to improve functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi A Kiyotake
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Emily E Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hannah B Homburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Camille K Milton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adam D Smitherman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan D Donahue
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Toward Enhanced Humidity Stability of Triboelectric Mechanical Sensors via Atomic Layer Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071795. [PMID: 34361180 PMCID: PMC8308376 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humid conditions can disrupt the triboelectric signal generation and reduce the accuracy of triboelectric mechanical sensors. This study demonstrates a novel design approach using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to enhance the humidity resistance of triboelectric mechanical sensors. Titanium oxide (TiOx) was deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film as a moisture passivation layer. To determine the effective ALD process cycle, the TiOx layer was deposited with 100 to 2000 process cycles. The triboelectric behavior and surface chemical bonding states were analyzed before and after moisture exposure. The ALD-TiOx-deposited PTFE showed three times greater humidity stability than pristine PTFE film. Based on the characterization of TiOx on PTFE film, the passivation mechanism was proposed, and it was related to the role of the oxygen-deficient sites in the TiOx layer. This study could provide a novel way to design stable triboelectric mechanical sensors in highly humid environments.
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Herren B, Webster V, Davidson E, Saha MC, Altan MC, Liu Y. PDMS Sponges with Embedded Carbon Nanotubes as Piezoresistive Sensors for Human Motion Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071740. [PMID: 34361125 PMCID: PMC8308176 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous piezoresistive sensors offer promising flexible sensing functionality, such as human joint motion detection and gesture identification. Herein, a facile fabrication method is developed using a microwave-based rapid porogen removal technique for the manufacturing of porous nanocomposite sponges consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and well-dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The porogen amounts and CNT loadings are varied to tailor the porosity and electrical properties of the porous sensors. The sponges are characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to compare their microstructures, validate the high-quality CNT dispersion, and confirm the successful nanofiller embedding within the elastomeric matrix. Sponges with a 3 wt% CNT loading demonstrate the highest piezoresistive sensitivity. Experimental characterization shows that the sponges with low porosity have long durability and minimal strain rate dependence. Additionally, the developed sponges with 3 wt% CNTs are employed for the human motion detection using piezoresistive method. One experiment includes fingertip compression measurements on a prosthetic hand. Moreover, the sensors are attached to the chest, elbow, and knee of a user to detect breathing, running, walking, joint bending, and throwing motions.
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