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Damerchi E, Oras S, Butanovs E, Liivlaid A, Antsov M, Polyakov B, Trausa A, Zadin V, Kyritsakis A, Vidal L, Mougin K, Pikker S, Vlassov S. Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:435-446. [PMID: 38711582 PMCID: PMC11070972 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Metallic nanowires (NWs) are sensitive to heat treatment and can split into shorter fragments within minutes at temperatures far below the melting point. This process can hinder the functioning of NW-based devices that are subject to relatively mild temperatures. Commonly, heat-induced fragmentation of NWs is attributed to the interplay between heat-enhanced diffusion and Rayleigh instability. In this work, we demonstrated that contact with the substrate plays an important role in the fragmentation process and can strongly affect the outcome of the heat treatment. We deposited silver NWs onto specially patterned silicon wafers so that some NWs were partially suspended over the holes in the substrate. Then, we performed a series of heat-treatment experiments and found that adhered and suspended parts of NWs behave differently under the heat treatment. Moreover, depending on the heat-treatment process, fragmentation in either adhered or suspended parts can dominate. Experiments were supported by finite element method and molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyad Damerchi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sven Oras
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Edgars Butanovs
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Allar Liivlaid
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikk Antsov
- Estonian Military Academy, Riia 12, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Boris Polyakov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Annamarija Trausa
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Veronika Zadin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andreas Kyritsakis
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Loïc Vidal
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, CNRS – UMR 7361, University of Haute-Alsace, France
| | - Karine Mougin
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, CNRS – UMR 7361, University of Haute-Alsace, France
| | - Siim Pikker
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergei Vlassov
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Tang L, Lyu B, Gao D, Jia Z, Fu Y, Ma J. A Janus Textile with Tunable Heating Modes toward Precise Personal Thermal Management in Cold Conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308194. [PMID: 38009488 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Passive heating textiles (PHTs) have drawn increasing attention due to the advantages of energy-conservation heating. However, the heating capabilities of current PHTs are typically static and non-tunable, presenting poor adaptation to dynamic winter. Herein, a novel Janus textile with tunable heating modes is developed by constructing a customized structure with asymmetric optical properties. This Janus textile is created by coating one side of a cotton fabric with silver nanowires (AgNWs) and then applying transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene) to the other side. The MXene side exhibits high solar absorptivity and low mid-infrared emissivity, while the AgNWs side has moderate solar absorptivity and mid-infrared emissivity. This structure ensures that the solar and radiative heating temperatures of the MXene side are 16 °C and 1.7 °C higher than those of the AgNWs side. This distinction allows for on-demand, accurate adjustments in solar and radiative heating capabilities by flipping the textile according to ambient temperature. Furthermore, this innovative design also features desired electric heating, thermal camouflage, self-cleaning and antibacterial properties, electromagnetic interference shielding, durability, and wearability. The Janus textile enables precise thermoregulation of the human body to adapt to variable cold weather, making it essential for optimal personal thermal management and climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Tang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Bin Lyu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Dangge Gao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhangting Jia
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yatong Fu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Qi R, Cui Y, Liu J, Wang X, Yuan H. Recent Advances of Composite Nanomaterials for Antibiofilm Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2725. [PMID: 37836366 PMCID: PMC10574477 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm is a microbial community formed by bacteria that adsorb on the surface of tissues or materials and is wrapped in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. As a protective barrier, the EPS can not only prevent the penetration of antibiotics and other antibacterial agents into the biofilm, but also protect the bacteria in the biofilm from the attacks of the human immune system, making it difficult to eradicate biofilm-related infections and posing a serious threat to public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new and efficient antibiofilm drugs. Although natural enzymes (lysozyme, peroxidase, etc.) and antimicrobial peptides have excellent bactericidal activity, their low stability in the physiological environment and poor permeability in biofilms limit their application in antibiofilms. With the development of materials science, more and more nanomaterials are being designed to be utilized for antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications. Nanomaterials have great application prospects in antibiofilm because of their good biocompati-bility, unique physical and chemical properties, adjustable nanostructure, high permeability and non-proneness to induce bacterial resistance. In this review, with the application of composite nanomaterials in antibiofilms as the theme, we summarize the research progress of three types of composite nanomaterials, including organic composite materials, inorganic materials and organic-inorganic hybrid materials, used as antibiofilms with non-phototherapy and phototherapy modes of action. At the same time, the challenges and development directions of these composite nanomaterials in antibiofilm therapy are also discussed. It is expected we will provide new ideas for the design of safe and efficient antibiofilm materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian Qi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (R.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (R.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China;
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (R.Q.); (Y.C.)
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Desai AS, Singh A, Edis Z, Haj Bloukh S, Shah P, Pandey B, Agrawal N, Bhagat N. An In Vitro and In Vivo Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Plant-Extract-Derived Silver Nanoparticles. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020054. [PMID: 35645262 PMCID: PMC9149986 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) display unique plasmonic and antimicrobial properties, enabling them to be helpful in various industrial and consumer products. However, previous studies showed that the commercially acquired silver nanoparticles exhibit toxicity even in small doses. Hence, it was imperative to determine suitable synthesis techniques that are the most economical and least toxic to the environment and biological entities. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extracts and their physico-chemical properties were studied. A time-dependent in vitro study using HEK-293 cells and a dose-dependent in vivo study using a Drosophila model helped us to determine the correct synthesis routes. Through biological analyses, we found that silver nanoparticles’ cytotoxicity and wound-healing capacity depended on size, shape, and colloidal stability. Interestingly, we observed that out of all the synthesized AgNPs, the ones derived from the turmeric extract displayed excellent wound-healing capacity in the in vitro study. Furthermore, the same NPs exhibited the least toxic effects in an in vivo study of ingestion of these NPs enriched food in Drosophila, which showed no climbing disability in flies, even at a very high dose (250 mg/L) for 10 days. We propose that stabilizing agents played a superior role in establishing the bio-interaction of nanoparticles. Our study reported here verified that turmeric-extract-derived AgNPs displayed biocompatibility while exhibiting the least cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana S. Desai
- Department of Applied Science, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India; (A.S.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence: (Z.E.); (N.A.); (N.B.); Tel.: +971-5-6694-7751 (Z.E.)
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Prasanna Shah
- Department of Physics, Acropolis Institute of Technology and Research, Indore 453771, India;
| | - Brajesh Pandey
- Department of Applied Science, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India; (A.S.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
- Correspondence: (Z.E.); (N.A.); (N.B.); Tel.: +971-5-6694-7751 (Z.E.)
| | - Neeru Bhagat
- Department of Applied Science, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India; (A.S.D.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.E.); (N.A.); (N.B.); Tel.: +971-5-6694-7751 (Z.E.)
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Nguyen VH, Papanastasiou DT, Resende J, Bardet L, Sannicolo T, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Nguyen ND, Bellet D. Advances in Flexible Metallic Transparent Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106006. [PMID: 35195360 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) are pivotal components in many modern devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, touch screens, wearable electronic devices, smart windows, and transparent heaters. Recently, the high demand for flexibility and low cost in TEs requires a new class of transparent conductive materials (TCMs), serving as substitutes for the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). So far, ITO has been the most used TCM despite its brittleness and high cost. Among the different emerging alternative materials to ITO, metallic nanomaterials have received much interest due to their remarkable optical-electrical properties, low cost, ease of manufacturing, flexibility, and widespread applicability. These involve metal grids, thin oxide/metal/oxide multilayers, metal nanowire percolating networks, or nanocomposites based on metallic nanostructures. In this review, a comparison between TCMs based on metallic nanomaterials and other TCM technologies is discussed. Next, the different types of metal-based TCMs developed so far and the fabrication technologies used are presented. Then, the challenges that these TCMs face toward integration in functional devices are discussed. Finally, the various fields in which metal-based TCMs have been successfully applied, as well as emerging and potential applications, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam
| | | | - Joao Resende
- AlmaScience Colab, Madan Parque, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Laetitia Bardet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - Thomas Sannicolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - Ngoc Duy Nguyen
- Département de Physique, CESAM/Q-MAT, SPIN, Université de Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
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Kim Y, Hyeong SK, Choi Y, Lee SK, Lee JH, Yu HK. Transparent and Flexible Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Film Using ITO Nanobranches by Internal Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61413-61421. [PMID: 34910873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A transparent and flexible film capable of shielding electromagnetic waves over a wide range of frequencies (X and Ku bands, 8-18 GHz) is prepared. The electromagnetic wave shielding film is fabricated using the excellent transmittance, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability of indium tin oxide (ITO), a representative transparent conductive oxide. The inherent mechanical brittleness of oxide ceramics is overcome by adopting a nanobranched structure. In addition, mechanical stability is maintained even after repeated bending experiments (200 000 times). The produced transparent and flexible shielding film is applied to practical GHz devices (Wi-Fi and LTE devices), and signal sensitivity is confirmed to decrease. Therefore, it can be widely applied to various transparent and flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ki Hyeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk-do 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunji Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Ki Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro-63-beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Ki Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon16499, Republic of Korea
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7
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Incorporation of silver nanoparticles into active antimicrobial nanocomposites: Release behavior, analyzing techniques, applications and safety issues. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 293:102440. [PMID: 34022748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Employing new strategies to develop novel composite systems has become a popular area of interest among researchers. Raising people's awareness and their attention to the health and safety issues are key parameters to achieve this purpose. One of the recommended strategies is the utilization of nanoparticles within the matrix of composite materials to improve their physical, mechanical, structural and antimicrobial characteristics. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have attracted much attention for nanocomposite applications mainly due to their antimicrobial characteristics. Herein, the current review will focus on the different methods for preparing antimicrobial nanocomposites loaded with Ag NPs, the release of Ag NPs from these nanostructures in different media, analyzing techniques for the evaluation of Ag release from nanocomposites, potential applications, and safety issues of nanocomposites containing Ag NPs. The applications of Ag NPs-loaded nanocomposites have been extensively established in food, biomedical, textile, environmental and pharmacological areas mainly due to their antibacterial attributes. Several precautions should be addressed before implementation of Ag NPs in nanocomposites due to the health and safety issues.
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Muñiz Diaz R, Cardoso-Avila PE, Pérez Tavares JA, Patakfalvi R, Villa Cruz V, Pérez Ladrón de Guevara H, Gutiérrez Coronado O, Arteaga Garibay RI, Saavedra Arroyo QE, Marañón-Ruiz VF, Castañeda Contreras J. Two-Step Triethylamine-Based Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Effect against Pathogenic Bacteria. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:410. [PMID: 33562669 PMCID: PMC7914904 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were obtained by the calcination of precursor microparticles (PM) synthesized by a novel triethylamine-based precipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a mean size of 120 nm for the MgO NPs. The results of the characterizations for MgO NPs support the suggestion that our material has the capacity to attack, and have an antibacterial effect against, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains. The ability of the MgO NPs to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was demonstrated by the corresponding quantitative assays. The MgO antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 250 and 500 ppm on the microdilution assays, respectively. Structural changes in the bacteria, such as membrane collapse; surface changes, such as vesicular formation; and changes in the longitudinal and horizontal sizes, as well as the circumference, were observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The lipidic peroxidation of the bacterial membranes was quantified, and finally, a bactericidal mechanism for the MgO NPs was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Muñiz Diaz
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | | | - José Antonio Pérez Tavares
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Rita Patakfalvi
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Virginia Villa Cruz
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Héctor Pérez Ladrón de Guevara
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez Coronado
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga Garibay
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal, Agrícola y Pecuaria, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Mexico;
| | | | - Virginia Francisca Marañón-Ruiz
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jesús Castañeda Contreras
- Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico; (R.M.D.); (J.A.P.T.); (V.V.C.); (H.P.L.d.G.); (O.G.C.); (V.F.M.-R.); (J.C.C.)
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