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Prakash J, Rao PT, Rohilla R, Nechiyil D, Kaur M, Ganapathi KS, Debnath AK, Kaushal A, Bahadur J, Dasgupta K. Defect-Induced Adsorption Switching (p- to n- Type) in Conducting Bare Carbon Nanotube Film for the Development of Highly Sensitive and Flexible Chemiresistive-Based Methanol and NO 2 Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6708-6719. [PMID: 36844608 PMCID: PMC9948176 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and flexible gas sensors are essentially required for the fast detection of toxic gases to pass on the early warning to deter accident situations caused by gas leakage. In view of this, we have fabricated a thin paper-like free-standing, flexible, and sensitive carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogel gas sensor. The CNT aerogel film synthesized by the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method consists of a tiny network of long CNTs and ∼20% amorphous carbon. The pores and defect density of the CNT aerogel film were tuned by heating at 700 °C to obtain a sensor film, which showed excellent sensitivity for toxic NO2 and methanol gas in the concentration range of 1-100 ppm with a remarkable limit of detection ∼90 ppb. This sensor has consistently responded to toxic gas even after bending and crumpling the film. Moreover, the film heat-treated at 900 °C showed a lower response with opposite sensing characteristics due to switching of the semiconductor nature of the CNT aerogel film to n-type from p-type. The annealing temperature-based adsorption switching can be related to a type of carbon defect in the CNT aerogel film. Therefore, the developed free-standing, highly sensitive, and flexible CNT aerogel sensor paves the way for a reliable, robust, and switchable toxic gas sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Rohan Rohilla
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Divya Nechiyil
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Technical
Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Anil Krishna Debnath
- Technical
Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Amit Kaushal
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Jitendra Bahadur
- Solid
State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kinshuk Dasgupta
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Shaalan NM, Ahmed F, Rashad M, Saber O, Kumar S, Aljaafari A, Ashoaibi A, Mahmoud AZ, Ezzeldien M. Low-Temperature Ethanol Sensor via Defective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134439. [PMID: 35806564 PMCID: PMC9267614 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the fabrication of defective-induced nanotubes via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the investigation of their properties toward gas sensing. We have developed defective multi-walled carbon nanotubes with porous and crystalline structures. The catalyst layer used in CNTs’ growth here was based on 18 and 24 nm of Ni, and 5 nm of Cr deposited by the dc-sputtering technique. The CNTs’ defects were characterized by observing the low graphite peak (G-band) and higher defect peaks (D-band) in the Raman spectrum. The defectives sites are the main source of the sensitivity of materials toward different gases. Thus, the current product was used for sensing devices. The device was subjected to various gases such as NO, NO2, CO, acetone, and ethanol at a low operating temperature of 30 °C and a concentration of 50 ppm. The sensor was observed to be less sensitive to most gas while showing the highest response towards ethanol gas. The sensor showed the highest response of 8.8% toward ethanol at 30 °C of 50 ppm, and a low response of 2.8% at 5 ppm, which was investigated here. The signal repeatability of the present sensor showed its capability to detect ethanol at much lower concentrations and at very low operating temperatures, resulting in reliability and saving power consumption. The gas sensing mechanism of direct interaction between the gas molecules and nanotube surface was considered the main. We have also proposed a sensing mechanism based on Coulomb dipole interaction for the physical adsorption of gas molecules on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagih M. Shaalan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-135897114
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Rashad
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Saber
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Shalendra Kumar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Abdullah Aljaafari
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Adil Ashoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Amera Z. Mahmoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Art at ArRass, Qassim University, ArRass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ezzeldien
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
- Metallurgy & Material Science Tests (MMST) Lab., Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Wang S, Huang Z, Shi W, Lee D, Wang Q, Shang W, Stein Y, Shao-Horn Y, Deng T, Wardle BL, Cui K. Unzipping Carbon Nanotube Bundles through NH-π Stacking for Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28583-28592. [PMID: 34110139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) significantly undermines their superior thermal and electrical properties. Realizing stable, homogeneous, and surfactant-free dispersion of SWCNTs in solvents and composites has long been regarded as a key challenge. Here, we report amine-containing aromatic and cyclohexane molecules, which are common chain extenders (CEs) for epoxy curing in industry, can be used to effectively disperse CNTs. We achieve single-tube-level dispersion of SWCNTs in CE solvents, as demonstrated by the strong chirality-dependent absorption and photoluminescence emission. The SWCNT-CE dispersion remains stable under ambient conditions for months. The excellent dispersibility and stability are attributed to the formation of an n-type charge-transfer complex through the NH-π interaction between the amine group of CEs and the delocalized π bond of SWCNTs, which is confirmed by the negative Seebeck coefficient of the CE-functionalized SWCNT films, the red shift of the G band in the Raman spectra, and the NH-π peak in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The high dispersibility of CEs significantly improves the electrical and thermal transport of macroscale CNT assemblies. The sheet resistance of the CE-dispersed SWCNT thin films reaches 161 Ω sq-1 at 80.8% optical transmittance after functional modification by HNO3. Moreover, the CEs cross-link CNTs and epoxy molecules, forming a pathway for phonon transport in CNT/epoxy nanocomposites. The thermal conductivity of the CE-CNT-epoxy composite is enhanced by 1850% compared with the original epoxy, which is the highest enhancement reported to date for CNT/epoxy nanocomposites. The CE-based NH-π interaction provides a new paradigm for the effective and stable dispersion of SWCNTs in a facile and scalable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhequn Huang
- Zhiyuan Innovative Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qixiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Shang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yosi Stein
- Analog Devices Inc. (ADI), Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center for Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kehang Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center for Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Slobodian P, Riha P, Olejnik R, Matyas J. Strengthening Mechanism of Electrothermal Actuation in the Epoxy Composite with an Embedded Carbon Nanotube Nanopaper. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1529. [PMID: 34207830 PMCID: PMC8229121 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed an effect of an embedded electro-conductive multiwalled carbon nanotube nanopaper in an epoxy matrix on the release of the frozen actuation force and the actuation torque in the carbon nanotube nanopaper/epoxy composite after heating above its glass transition temperature. The presence of the nanopaper augmented the recovery of the actuation stress by the factor of two in comparison with the pure epoxy strips. We proposed a procedure that allowed us to assess this composite strengthening mechanism. The strengthening of the composite was attributed to the interlocking of the carbon nanotubes with the epoxy. When reheated, the composite samples, which contained stretched mutually intertwined nanotubes and epoxy segments, released a greater actuation stress then the epoxy samples, which comprised of less elastic networks of crosslinked segments of pure epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Slobodian
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Technology, Polymer Centre, Tomas Bata University, T.G.M. 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Riha
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrodynamics, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Olejnik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiri Matyas
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (J.M.)
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