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Alghaith AF, Mahrous GM, Alenazi AS, ALMufarrij SM, Alhazzaa MS, Radwan AA, Alhamed AS, Bin Salamah MS, Alshehri S. Dissolution enhancement of Gefitinib by solid dispersion and complexation with β-cyclodextrins: In vitro testing, cytotoxic activity, and tablet formulation. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102070. [PMID: 38645413 PMCID: PMC11031755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed. Gefitinib (GEF), an inhibitor of EGFR, is approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the low solubility and dissolution of GEF limits its bioavailability. Numerous methods, including solid dispersion (SD) and complexation, have been reported to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, GEF complexes were prepared using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in two molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2), furthermore, GEF SDs were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poloxamer-188(PXM) in three different ratios (1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 w/w). Dissolution studies were conducted on the prepared formulations. Dissolution results showed a 1.22-2.17-fold enhancement in drug dissolution after one hour compared to untreated GEF. Two formulations that showed higher dissolution enhancement were subsequently evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxicity and were formulated into tablets. The selected PVP-GEF (1:4 w/w) and MβCD-GEF (1:1M) formulas displayed improved cytotoxicity compared to untreated GEF. The IC50 values of the PVP-GEF and MβCD-GEF were 4.33 ± 0.66 and 4.84 ± 0.38 µM, respectively which are significantly lower (p < 0.05) than free GEF. In addition, the formulated tablets exhibited enhanced dissolution compared to pure GEF tablets. PVP-GEF SD tablets released (35.1 %±0.4) of GEF after one hour, while GEF-MβCD tablets released (42.2 % ± 0.7) after one hour. In the meantime, tablets containing pure GEF showed only 15 % ± 0.5 release at the same time. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing the dissolution and hence therapeutic capabilities of GEF while mitigating its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel F. Alghaith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal M. Mahrous
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alenazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliaman M. ALMufarrij
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Alhazzaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awwad A. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Bin Salamah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI, Olegovich BD, Althomali RH, Abdullaev SS, Musad Saleh EA, Hussien BM, Abid MK, Alwave M. Functionalization of porous silica with graphene oxide and polyethyleneimine, containing zinc copper ferrite nanoparticles for water treatment and antibacterial application. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123745. [PMID: 38499169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The article discusses the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye, a common cationic dye used in the textile industry, from aqueous solutions through an adsorption process. The use of porous components as adsorbents are shown to facilitate complete separation after the process is completed. The substrate was synthesized by connecting zinc copper ferrite (ZnCuFe2O4), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and Graphene Oxide (GO) sheets to MCM-48, which is a mesoporous material. The surface of MCM-48 was modified using CPTMS, which created an O-Si-Cl bridge, thereby improving the adsorption rate. The substrate was shown to have suitable sites for electrostatic interactions and creating hydrogen bonds with MB. The adsorption process from the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9224) and the pseudo-second-order diagram (R2 = 0.9927) demonstrates the adsorption of several layers of dye on the heterogeneous surface of the substrate. The synthesized substrate was also shown to have good bactericidal activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strain. Furthermore, the substrate maintained its initial ability to adsorb MB dye for four consecutive cycles. The research resulted that ZnCuFe2O4@MCM-48/PEI-GO substrate has the potential for efficient and economical removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions (R = 88.82%) (qmax = 294.1176 mg. g-1), making it a promising solution for the disposal of harmful industrial waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bokov Dmitry Olegovich
- Institute of Pharmacy named after A.P. Nelyubin, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., bldg. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustyinsky pr., Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherzod Shukhratovich Abdullaev
- Senior Researcher, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Senior Researcher, Department of Science and Innovation, Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Kadhem Abid
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health & Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Marim Alwave
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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He Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Jiang X, Zou H, Zhang Z. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots for ultrasensitive detection of anticancer drug gefitinib based on IFE. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123942. [PMID: 38277783 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Gefitinib, a highly significant antitumor drug, is now commonly employed in clinical settings as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Herein, a convenient, rapid, and accurate fluorescence method based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) was designed for ultrasensitive detection of gefitinib. The NCDs were easily synthesized through one-pot hydrothermal process using p-phenylenediamine and D-glutamic acid as the precursors. The sensing strategy relied on the fluorescence of NCDs at 345 nm, which was selectively reduced by gefitinib based on the inner filter effect (IFE). With a broad linear range of 0.025-30 μg/mL and a low limit of detection of 5.5 ng/mL, the probe was successfully applied to the detection of gefitinib in human serum samples, demonstrating strong practicality, affordability, and high accuracy. The proposed sensor is simple in design, fast in detection and cost-effective, and exhibits promising application in drug real-time analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hanting Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuting Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinhui Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hecun Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Xu T, Wang R, Gu C, Jiang T. Recyclable detection of gefitinib in clinical sample mediated by multifunctional Ag-anchored g-C 3N 4/MoS 2 composite substrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122801. [PMID: 37187146 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology enables to satisfy the increasing demand of clinical drug monitoring due to the superiority of fingerprint recognition, real-time response, and nondestructive collection. Here, a novel graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/ molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/Ag composite substrate with a 3D surface structure was successfully developed for the recyclable detection of gefitinib in serum. Attributed to the uniform and dense "hotspots" on the shrubby active surfaces in conjunction with the potential synergistic chemical enhancement of g-C3N4/MoS2 heterosystem, a remarkable SERS sensitivity with an attractive enhancement factor value of 3.3 × 107 was demonstrated. Meanwhile, a type-II heterojunction between g-C3N4 and MoS2 enabled more efficient diffusion of photogenerated e--h+ pairs assisted by the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs, which contributed to the reliable recyclable detection of gefitinib. The ultra-low limit of detection at 10-5 mg/mL and high recycling rates of gefitinib beyond 90% in serum were successfully realized. The results demonstrated the as-prepared SERS substrate has tremendous potential to be untilized for in-situ drug diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Rongyan Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chenjie Gu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Borg H, Belal F, Draz ME. Facile fabrication of a portable PANI-NFs/c-MWCNT nano-composite electrochemical sensor for gefitinib: application to human plasma. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4721-4729. [PMID: 36354173 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel potentiometric solid contact (SC) sensor was developed to determine the anticancer drug gefitinib by employing a polyaniline nanofibers/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (PANI-NFs/c-MWCNT) nano-composite as an ion to electron transducer. The FDA approved gefitinib as the first line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that represents 90% of lung carcinomas. The PANI-NFs/C-MWCNT nano-composite was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Twenty-three polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based sensors were fabricated through a systematic approach using different plasticizers and cationic exchangers to investigate their effects on the performance of the developed sensors. The incorporation of calix[8]arene (CX-8) notably enhanced the sensitivity of the developed sensor, confirmed by the docking study. The optimized sensor attained a fast and stable Nernstian slope of 29.14 mV per decade over the concentration range from 1.0 × 10-2 to 1.5 × 10-6 M with a LOD of 1.0 × 10-6 M. The proposed method represents the first potentiometric sensor for GEF assay according to the authors' knowledge. It was validated as per the IUPAC guidelines and efficiently applied to determine GEF in its tablets and human plasma. This encourages quality control, bioavailability, and clinical centers to utilize the portable GEF sensor in its routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadir Borg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Determination of Gefitinib Using Routine and Greener Stability-Indicating HPTLC Methods: A Comparative Evaluation of Validation Parameters. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
“High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” methods for gefitinib (GFT) estimation are scarce in the literature. In addition, greener analytical techniques for GFT estimation are also lacking in the literature. Accordingly, an attempt was undertaken to invent and validate a sensitive and greener normal-phase HPTLC method for GFT analysis in commercial tablets in comparison to the routine normal-phase HPTLC method. The greenness index for both methods was assessed using “Analytical GREENness (AGREE)” methodology. GFT detection was carried out using both methods at 332.0 nm. In the 30–700 ng/band and 20–1400 ng/band ranges, the routine and greener HPTLC assays were linear for GFT estimation. The greener HPTLC method was highly sensitive, more accurate, more precise, and more robust than the routine HPTLC assay for GFT estimation. Both methods were able to detect GFT in the presence of its degradation products, suggesting the stability-indicating property of both methods. The assay of GFT in commercial tablets was 92.45% and 99.74% using the routine and greener HPTLC assays, respectively. The AGREE index for routine and greener analytical assays was predicted to be 0.44 and 0.77, respectively, indicating the excellent greenness index of the greener HPTLC assay over the routine HPTLC assay. The greener HPTLC assay is considered superior to the routine HPTLC assay based on these results.
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Khodayari P, Jalilian N, Ebrahimzadeh H, Amini S. Electrospun cellulose acetate /polyacrylonitrile /thymol /Mg-metal organic framework nanofibers as efficient sorbent for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction of anti-cancer drugs. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Self-crosslinked admicelle of sodium conjugated linoleate@nano-CaCO3 and its stimuli–response to Ca2+/pH/CO2 triple triggers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Preparation of a Poly(2-thiopheneacetic acid) Coating on Magnetite Nanoparticles with One Single Carbon Layer (Fe3O4@1C NPs) for Selective Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Canthin-6-one Alkaloids in Eurycoma longifolia. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Dalgıç Bozyiğit G, Fırat Ayyıldız M, Selali Chormey D, Onkal Engin G, Bakırdere S. Accurate Quantification of Nervous System Drugs in Aqueous Samples at Trace Levels by Binary Solvent Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1570-1575. [PMID: 33651385 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products are widely consumed globally and are commonly found in wastewaters as a result of constant excretion and disposal into sewers. The present study proposes an efficient binary solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (BS-DLLME) method that was developed for preconcentration of 7 nervous system drug active compounds from aqueous media for their determination at trace levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The drug analytes included 3 antidepressants, 2 antipsychotics, 1 antiepileptic, and 1 antidementia. Optimum conditions of the BS-DLLME method were acquired by univariate optimization of parameters including type of binary solvents, ratio of binary solvents, type of disperser solvent, volume of binary solvents, and volume of disperser solvent. Detection and quantification limits were calculated in the range of 0.28 to 6.5 µg/L. Municipal wastewater, medical wastewater, synthetic domestic wastewater, and lake water were utilized as real samples in spike recovery experiments; and the results (94-106%) indicated the method's applicability and accuracy at quantifying the analytes in complex matrices. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1570-1575. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat Ayyıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güleda Onkal Engin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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Li X, Li W, Wang M, Liao Z. Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer theranostics: Advances and prospects. J Control Release 2021; 335:437-448. [PMID: 34081996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Nanoparticles have been broadly studied and emerged as a novel approach in diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Over the last decade, researches have significantly improved magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)'s theranostic potential as nanomedicine for cancer. Newer MNPs have various advantages such as wider operating temperatures, smaller sizes, lower toxicity, simpler preparations and lower production costs. With a series of unique and superior physical and chemical properties, MNPs have great potential in medical applications. In particular, using MNPs as probes for medical imaging and carriers for targeted drug delivery systems. While MNPs are expected to be the future of cancer diagnosis and precision drug delivery, more research is still required to minimize their toxicity and improve their efficacy. An ideal MNP for clinical applications should be precisely engineered to be stable to act as tracers or deliver drugs to the targeted sites, release drug components only at the targeted sites and have minimal health risks. Our review aims to consolidate the recent improvements in MNPs for clinical applications as well as discuss the future research prospects and potential of MNPs in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Li
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Weiyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Mina Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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Barani M, Sabir F, Rahdar A, Arshad R, Kyzas GZ. Nanotreatment and Nanodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Recent Updates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1696. [PMID: 32872181 PMCID: PMC7559844 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of prostate cancer have gained significant appraisal in recent years. Advancements in synthesis of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with charge, particle size, specified geometry, ligand attachment etc have resulted in greater biocompatibility and active targeting at cancer site. Despite all of the advances made over the years in discovering drugs, methods, and new biomarkers for cancer of the prostate (PCa), PCa remains one of the most troubling cancers among people. Early on, effective diagnosis is an essential part of treating prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or serum prostate-specific antigen is the best serum marker widely accessible for diagnosis of PCa. Numerous efforts have been made over the past decade to design new biosensor-based strategies for biomolecules detection and PSA miniaturization biomarkers. The growing nanotechnology is expected to have a significant effect in the immediate future on scientific research and healthcare. Nanotechnology is thus predicted to find a way to solve one of the most and long-standing problem, "early cancer detection". For early diagnosis of PCa biomarkers, different nanoparticles with different approaches have been used. In this review, we provide a brief description of the latest achievements and advances in the use of nanoparticles for PCa biomarker diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616914111, Iran;
| | - Fakhara Sabir
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
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