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Al Bahri M, Al-Kamiyani S. Thermal Effects on Domain Wall Stability at Magnetic Stepped Nanowire for Nanodevices Storage. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1202. [PMID: 39057879 PMCID: PMC11279391 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In the future, DW memory will replace conventional storage memories with high storage capacity and fast read/write speeds. The only failure in DW memory arises from DW thermal fluctuations at pinning sites. This work examines, through calculations, the parameters that might help control DW thermal stability at the pinning sites. It is proposed to design a new scheme using a stepped area of a certain depth (d) and length (λ). The study reveals that DW thermal stability is highly dependent on the geometry of the pinning area (d and λ), magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and magnetic anisotropy energy (Ku), and the dimensions of the nanowires. For certain values of d and λ, DWs remain stable at temperatures over 500 K, which is beneficial for memory applications. Higher DW thermal stability is also achieved by decreasing nanowire thickness to less than 10 nm, making DW memories stable below 800 K. Finally, our results help to construct DW memory nanodevices with nanodimensions less than a 40 nm width and less than a 10 nm thickness with high DW thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Bahri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, P.O. Box 42, Ibra P.C 400, Oman;
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2
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Chrystie RSM. A Review on 1-D Nanomaterials: Scaling-Up with Gas-Phase Synthesis. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300087. [PMID: 37309743 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-like materials exhibit distinctive properties comprising optical polarisation, waveguiding, and hydrophobic channelling, amongst many other useful phenomena. Such 1-D derived anisotropy can be further enhanced by arranging many similar nanowires into a coherent matrix, known as an array superstructure. Manufacture of nanowire arrays can be scaled-up considerably through judicious use of gas-phase methods. Historically, the gas-phase approach however has been extensively used for the bulk and rapid synthesis of isotropic 0-D nanomaterials such as carbon black and silica. The primary goal of this review is to document recent developments, applications, and capabilities in gas-phase synthesis methods of nanowire arrays. Secondly, we elucidate the design and use of the gas-phase synthesis approach; and finally, remaining challenges and needs are addressed to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S M Chrystie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5050, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- IRC for Membranes & Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5051, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Fullerton J, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Donnelly C, Sanz-Hernández D, Skoric L, MacLaren DA, Fernández-Pacheco A. Controlled evolution of three-dimensional magnetic states in strongly coupled cylindrical nanowire pairs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:125301. [PMID: 36595337 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca9d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are promising systems for the development of three-dimensional spintronic devices. Here, we simulate the evolution of magnetic states during fabrication of strongly-coupled cylindrical nanowires with varying degrees of overlap. By varying the separation between wires, the relative strength of exchange and magnetostatic coupling can be tuned. Hence, we observe the formation of six fundamental states as a function of both inter-wire separation and wire height. In particular, two complex three-dimensional magnetic states, a 3D Landau Pattern and a Helical domain wall, are observed to emerge for intermediate overlap. These two emergent states show complex spin configurations, including a modulated domain wall with both Néel and Bloch character. The competition of magnetic interactions and the parallel growth scheme we follow (growing both wires at the same time) favours the formation of these anti-parallel metastable states. This works shows how the engineering of strongly coupled 3D nanostructures with competing interactions can be used to create complex spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fullerton
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - L Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Current-induced zero-field domain wall depinning in cylindrical nanowires. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19510. [PMCID: PMC9663574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMulti-segmented cylindrical nanowires have properties that make them attractive for high-density, high-speed logic and memory applications. Investigations of the current-induced domain wall motion in cylindrical nanowires have, so far, typically been conducted with a background magnetic field. However, if performed at zero external field, they would be much more viable for their use in prospective electronic devices. Here, we present an all-magneto electrical method to consistently pin domain walls in multi-segmented nanowires and induce their de-pinning using current pulses. The experiments were conducted with compositionally modulated three-segmented nickel/cobalt/nickel and two-segmented cobalt/nickel nanowires of 190 and 150 nm diameter, respectively, where the soft/hard magnetic texture has been fairly studied. We find that for the 3 segmented nanowire, the domain wall can be de-pinned independent of the polarity of the pulse, while for the 2 segmented nanowire the domain wall de-pins only for one polarity. Applying current pulses of 1 × 1012 A/m2, we use a pulse width of 22 ns to estimate a lower boundary for the domain wall speed of 634.54 m/s in cobalt. We study the resistive heating effect from the DC measurement current to find a temperature increase of no more than 2 °C after more than 20 h of tests.
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Marqués-Marchán J, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Bran C, Puttock R, Barton C, Moreno JA, Kosel J, Vazquez M, Kazakova O, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Asenjo A. Distinguishing Local Demagnetization Contribution to the Magnetization Process in Multisegmented Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121968. [PMID: 35745306 PMCID: PMC9229024 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are promising materials that have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications. The versatility of these nanostructures is based on the tunability of their magnetic properties, which is achieved by appropriately selecting their composition and morphology. In addition, stochastic behavior has attracted attention in the development of neuromorphic devices relying on probabilistic magnetization switching. Here, we present a study of the magnetization reversal process in multisegmented CoNi/Cu nanowires. Nonstandard 2D magnetic maps, recorded under an in-plane magnetic field, produce datasets that correlate with magnetoresistance measurements and micromagnetic simulations. From this process, the contribution of the individual segments to the demagnetization process can be distinguished. The results show that the magnetization reversal in these nanowires does not occur through a single Barkhausen jump, but rather by multistep switching, as individual CoNi segments in the NW undergo a magnetization reversal. The existence of vortex states is confirmed by their footprint in the magnetoresistance and 2D MFM maps. In addition, the stochasticity of the magnetization reversal is analysed. On the one hand, we observe different switching fields among the segments due to a slight variation in geometrical parameters or magnetic anisotropy. On the other hand, the stochasticity is observed in a series of repetitions of the magnetization reversal processes for the same NW under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marqués-Marchán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (O.C.-F.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernandez-Roldan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (O.C.-F.)
| | - Robert Puttock
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK; (R.P.); (C.B.); (O.K.)
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Craig Barton
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK; (R.P.); (C.B.); (O.K.)
| | - Julián A. Moreno
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jürgen Kosel
- Computer Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
- Silicon Austria Labs, Sensor Systems Division, A-9524 Villach, Austria
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (O.C.-F.)
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK; (R.P.); (C.B.); (O.K.)
| | - Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (O.C.-F.)
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (O.C.-F.)
- Correspondence:
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Proenca MP. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081308. [PMID: 35458014 PMCID: PMC9030238 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Proenca
- ISOM and Departamento de Electrónica Física, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Bran C, Saugar E, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Del Real RP, Asenjo A, Aballe L, Foerster M, Fraile Rodríguez A, Palmero EM, Vazquez M, Chubykalo-Fesenko O. Stochastic vs. deterministic magnetic coding in designed cylindrical nanowires for 3D magnetic networks. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12587-12593. [PMID: 34259293 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cylindrical nanowires for 3D information technologies profit from intrinsic curvature that introduces significant differences with regards to planar systems. A model is proposed to control the stochastic and deterministic coding of remanent 3D complex vortex configurations in designed multilayered (magnetic/non-magnetic) cylindrical nanowires. This concept, introduced by micromagnetic simulations, is experimentally confirmed by magnetic imaging in FeCo/Cu multilayered nanowires. The control over the random/deterministic vortex states configurations is achieved by a suitable geometrical interface tilting of almost non-interacting FeCo segments with respect to the nanowire axis, together with the relative orientation of the perpendicular magnetic field. The proper design of the segments' geometry (e.g. tilting) in cylindrical nanowires opens multiple opportunities for advanced nanotechnologies in 3D magnetic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Stadler BJH. Magnetic Nanowires for Nanobarcoding and Beyond. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4573. [PMID: 34283095 PMCID: PMC8271806 DOI: 10.3390/s21134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional magnetic nanowires (MNWs) have been studied intensively over the last decades, in diverse applications. Numerous MNW-based systems have been introduced, initially for fundamental studies and later for sensing applications such as biolabeling and nanobarcoding. Remote sensing of MNWs for authentication and/or anti-counterfeiting is not only limited to engineering their properties, but also requires reliable sensing and decoding platforms. We review the latest progress in designing MNWs that have been, and are being, introduced as nanobarcodes, along with the pros and cons of the proposed sensing and decoding methods. Based on our review, we determine fundamental challenges and suggest future directions for research that will unleash the full potential of MNWs for nanobarcoding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani Kouhpanji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bethanie J. H. Stadler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Magnetic reversal modes in cylindrical nanostructures: from disks to wires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10100. [PMID: 33980937 PMCID: PMC8114916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are key elements of fast-recording and high-density 3D-storage devices. The accurate tuning of the magnetization processes at the nanoscale is crucial for the development of future nano-devices. Here, we analyzed the magnetization of Ni nanostructures with 15-100 nm in diameter and 12-230 nm in length and compared our results with experimental data for periodic arrays. Our modelling led to a phase diagram of the reversal modes where the presence of a critical diameter (d ≈ 30 nm) triggered the type of domain wall (DW) formed (transverse or vortex); while a critical length (L ≈ 100 nm) determined the number of DWs nucleated. Moreover, vortex-DWs originated from 3D skyrmion tubes, reported as one of the best configurations for storage devices. By increasing the diameter and aspect-ratio of nanowires with L > 100 nm, three reversal modes were observed: simultaneous propagation of two vortex-DWs; propagation of one vortex-DW; or spiral rotation of both DWs through "corkscrew" mechanism. Only for very low aspect-ratios (nanodisks), no skyrmion tubes were observed and reversal occurred by spiral rotation of one vortex-DW. The broad range of nanostructures studied allowed the creation of a complete phase diagram, highly important for future choice of nanoscaled dimensions in the development of novel nano-devices.
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