Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Sensing Applications of LaF3:Yb3+/Er3+/Ho3+/Tm3+ Upconversion Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Magnetic Luminescent Nanoparticle Fe3O4@LaF3:Eu,Ag@APTES@β-CD, a Potential Carrier of Antimicrobial Drug Ciprofloxacin

Fe3O4@LaF3:Eu,Ag hybrid magnetic luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method and then functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). The chemical composition, crystalline nature, particle size, and surface morphology of the Fe3O4@LaF3:Eu,Ag@APTES@β-CD NPs were investigated, using powder X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The uptake and release profiling of the LaF3:Eu,Ag@Fe3O4@β-CD NPs for the hydrophilic drug ciprofloxacin, showed 40 and 85% efficiency, respectively. The results indicated that the NPs have a high drug loading yield and a sustained drug releasing profile of the NPs, indicating that they can be used as a drug carrier. The photoluminescence spectral analysis of the NPs revealed their potentiality for use in bioimaging. Further analysis of the drug-loaded NPs (Fe3O4@LaF3:Eu,Ag@APTES@β-CD-ciprofloxacin) revealed, 100% microbial inhibition efficiency against Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, and a minimum of 80% against Bacillus cereus.

Wire-in-tube nanofiber as one side to construct specific-shaped Janus nanofiber with improved upconversion luminescence and tunable magnetism

It is an important strategy to rationally design and construct specific-shaped microscopic nanostructures for developing poly-functional nanomaterials for different advanced applications. In this work, a novel technique combining a parallel electrospinning with a subsequent bi-crucible fluorination is advanced and utilized to facilely synthesize a brand-new peculiar one-dimensional (1D) wire-in-tube nanofiber//nanofiber shaped Janus nanofiber (WJNF) to refrain from usual complicated preparation procedures. Partition of four independent domains in the peculiar-structured Janus nanofiber is microscopically realized. The Janus nanofiber with four microscopic partitions can be applied to assemble various functions to avoid adverse mutual impacts among functions to realize multi-functionalization of the materials. As a case study, [YF3:Yb3+, Er3+@SiO2]//CoFe2O4 WJNFs with synchronous excellent upconversion luminescence and tunable magnetism are designed and constructed by the above technique. One side of the WJNF is composed of YF3:Yb3+, Er3+@SiO2 wire-in-tube nanofiber with YF3:Yb3+, Er3+ nanofiber as core layer and SiO2 as shell layer, and the other side is composed of CoFe2O4 magnetic nanofiber. YF3:Yb3+, Er3+ green upconversion luminescent nanofiber is completely separated from CoFe2O4 to fully avoid the weakening of luminescent intensity caused by the direct contact between luminescent and magnetic substances, and thus the luminescent intensity of [YF3:Yb3+, Er3+@SiO2]//CoFe2O4 WJNFs is apparently enhanced. Up-conversion luminescent intensity and magnetism of the WJNFs are modulated by tuning the contents of CoFe2O4. With the increase of CoFe2O4 content, the saturation magnetization of the WJNFs increases from 3.91 to 12.90 emu·g-1, revealing the tunable magnetism of the product. The formation mechanism of WJNFs is advanced, and a corresponding facile construction technique is established to shun complicated process, which provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the design and preparation of other poly-functional nanomaterials.

Advancements and applications of upconversion nanoparticles in wound dressings

Wound healing is a complex process that requires effective management to prevent infections and promote efficient tissue regeneration. In recent years, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged as promising materials for wound dressing applications due to their unique optical properties and potential therapeutic functionalities. These nanoparticles possess enhanced antibacterial properties when functionalized with antibacterial agents, helping to prevent infections, a common complication in wound healing. They can serve as carriers for controlled drug delivery, enabling targeted release of therapeutic agents to the wound site, allowing for tailored treatment and optimal healing conditions. These nanoparticles possess the ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into the visible and/or ultraviolet (UV) regions, making them suitable for therapeutic (photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy) and diagnostic applications. In the context of wound healing, these nanoparticles can be combined with other materials such as hydrogels, fibers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene oxide, etc., to enhance the healing process and prevent the growth of microbial infections. Notably, UCNPs can act as sensors for real-time monitoring of the wound healing progress, providing valuable feedback to healthcare professionals. Despite their potential, the use of UCNPs in wound dressing applications faces several challenges. Ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of UCNPs under physiological conditions is crucial for their effective integration into dressings. Comprehensive safety and efficacy evaluations are necessary to understand potential risks and optimize UCNP-based dressings. Scalability and cost-effectiveness of UCNP synthesis and manufacturing processes are important considerations for practical applications. In addition, efficient incorporation of UCNPs into dressings, achieving uniform distribution, poses an important challenge that needs to be addressed. Future research should prioritize addressing concerns regarding stability and biocompatibility, efficient integration into dressings, rigorous safety evaluation, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the advantages, challenges, and key properties of UCNPs in wound dressing applications to provide insights into their potential as innovative solutions for enhancing wound healing outcomes. We have provided a detailed description of various types of smart wound dressings, focusing on the synthesis and biomedical applications of UCNPs, specifically their utilization in different types of wound dressings.

Photoluminescence Investigations of Dy3+-Doped Silicate Xerogels and SiO2-LaF3 Nano-Glass-Ceramic Materials

In this work, the series of Dy³⁺-doped silicate xerogels were synthesized by sol-gel technique and further processed at 350 °C into SiO₂-LaF₃:Dy³⁺ nano-glass-ceramic materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, along with the thermal analysis, indicated that heat-treatment triggered the decomposition of La(TFA)₃ inside amorphous sol-gel hosts, resulting in the formation of hexagonal LaF₃ phase with average crystal size at about ~10 nm. Based on the photoluminescence results, it was proven that the intensities of blue (⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_15/2), yellow (⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_13/2), and red (⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_11/2) emissions, as well as the calculated yellow-to-blue (Y/B) ratios, are dependent on the nature of fabricated materials, and from fixed La³⁺:Dy³⁺ molar ratios. For xerogels, the emission was gradually increased, and the τ(⁴F_9/2) lifetimes were elongated to 42.7 ± 0.3 μs (La³⁺:Dy³⁺ = 0.82:0.18), however, for the sample with the lowest La³⁺:Dy³⁺ molar ratio (0.70:0.30), the concentration quenching was observed. For SiO₂-LaF₃:Dy³⁺ nano-glass-ceramics, the concentration quenching effect was more visible than for xerogels and started from the sample with the highest La³⁺:Dy³⁺ molar ratio (0.988:0.012), thus the τ(⁴F_9/2) lifetimes became shorter from 1731.5 ± 5.7 up to 119.8 ± 0.4 μs. The optical results suggest, along with an interpretation of XRD data, that Dy³⁺ ions were partially entered inside LaF₃ phase, resulting in the shortening of Dy³⁺-Dy³⁺ inter-ionic distances.

Eu3+ Doped LaF3 -based Inorganic-organic Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Broad-spectrum Excitation and Strong Photoluminescence

Inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles formed by lanthanide-doped nanostructures and organic ligands have been intensively studied, which could greatly increase their photoluminescence performance as a result of the energy transfer process from organic ligands to Ln³⁺ ions. However, the photoluminescence intensity and excitation spectral width are still quite limited on coordinating with a single type of organic ligand. In this work, Eu³⁺ -doped LaF₃ (LaF₃ :Eu³⁺ ) nanoparticles were prepared using hydrothermal method, which was then hybridized with benzoic acid and thenoyltrifluoroacetone to form the hybrid nanostructures. After that, the hybrid nanostructures were mixed with 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile and methyl methacrylate to prepare the composites. The sample obtained by hybridization and composite doping with 5% Eu³⁺ exhibited the best photoluminescence performance. The excitation peak width and luminescence intensity of the hybrid nanostructures were significantly increased. The excitation spectral width of the inorganic-organic mixed hybrid nanostructures was particularly enhanced, which covers the whole ultraviolet (UV) band region of solar light on earth. The prepared composites exhibited good optical properties.

A UCMPs@MIL-100 based thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted fluorescence sensor for effective detection of β-lactoglobulin allergen in milk products

In this study, a thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted fluorescence sensor was developed for the specific detection of β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) allergen in milk products. The metal–organic frameworks (MIL-100) with a high specific surface area was coated on the surface of upconversion micro-particles (UCMPs). As the core, an imprinted polymer layer allowing for swelling and shrinking with response to temperature was prepared, which exhibited high adsorption and mass transfer capabilities for β-LG allergen. The fluorescence intensity of UCMPs@MIL-100@MIP decreased linearly with the concentration of β-LG in the range of 0.1–0.8 mg mL⁻¹, and the limit of detection was 0.043 mg mL⁻¹. The imprinting factor reached 3.415, which indicated that excellent specificity of the UCMPs@MIL-100@MIP for β-LG allergen. In the analysis of β-LG allergen in actual milk samples, the proposed UCMPs@MIL-100@MIP fluorescence sensor produced reliable and accurate results (recovery: 86.0–98.4%, RSD: 2.8–6.8%), closely related to the results of standard HPLC method (correlation coefficient: 0.9949), indicating that its feasibility in the detection of β-LG allergen.

An Update on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Applications in Nanomedicine

The efficient and safe delivery of therapeutic drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids are essential for meaningful therapeutic benefits. The field of nanomedicine shows promising implications in the development of therapeutics by delivering diagnostic and therapeutic compounds. Nanomedicine development has led to significant advances in the design and engineering of nanocarrier systems with supra-molecular structures. Smart mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), with excellent biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, and site-specific functionalization, offer efficient and high loading capacity as well as robust and targeted delivery of a variety of payloads in a controlled fashion. Such unique nanocarriers should have great potential for challenging biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, bioimaging techniques, stem cell research, and cancer therapies. However, in vivo applications of these nanocarriers should be further validated before clinical translation. To this end, this review begins with a brief introduction of MSNs properties, targeted drug delivery, and controlled release with a particular emphasis on their most recent diagnostic and therapeutic applications.