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Spinelli G, Guarini R, Kotsilkova R, Ivanov E, Romano V. Experimental, Theoretical and Numerical Studies on Thermal Properties of Lightweight 3D Printed Graphene-Based Discs with Designed Ad Hoc Air Cavities. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1863. [PMID: 37368293 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The current state of the art on material science emphasizes recent research efforts aimed at designing novel materials characterized by low-density and advanced properties. The present article reports the experimental, theoretical and simulation results on the thermal behavior of 3D printed discs. Filaments of pure poly (lactic acid) PLA and filled with 6 wt% of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are used as feedstocks. Experiments indicate that the introduction of graphene enhances the thermal properties of the resulting materials since the conductivity passes from the value of 0.167 [W/mK] for unfilled PLA to 0.335 [W/mK] for reinforced PLA, which corresponds to a significantly improvement of 101%. Exploiting the potential of 3D printing, different air cavities have been intentionally designed to develop new lightweight and more cost-effective materials without compromising their thermal performances. Furthermore, some cavities are equal in volume but different in the geometry; it is necessary to investigate how this last characteristic and its possible orientations affect the overall thermal behavior compared to that of an air-free specimen. The influence of air volume is also investigated. Experimental results are supported by theoretical analysis and simulation studies based on the finite element method. The results aim to be a valuable reference resource in the field of design and optimization of lightweight advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spinelli
- Faculty of Transport Sciences and Technologies, University of Study "Giustino Fortunato", Via Raffaele Delcogliano 12, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acadamy. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rosella Guarini
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acadamy. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Kotsilkova
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acadamy. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acadamy. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Research and Development of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies (NanoTech Lab Ltd.), Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vittorio Romano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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2
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Villata S, Canta M, Baruffaldi D, Pavan A, Chiappone A, Pirri CF, Frascella F, Roppolo I. 3D printable acrylate polydimethylsiloxane resins for cell culture and drug testing. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2950-2959. [PMID: 36912680 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, most of the microfluidic devices for biological applications are fabricated with only few well-established materials. Among these, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most used and known. However, it has many limitations, like the operator dependent and time-consuming manufacturing technique and the high molecule retention. TEGORad or Acrylate PDMS is an acrylate polydimethylsiloxane copolymer that can be 3D printed through Digital Light Processing (DLP), a technology that can boast reduction of waste products and the possibility of low cost and rapid manufacturing of complex components. Here, we developed 3D printed Acrylate PDMS-based devices for cell culture and drug testing. Our in vitro study shows that Acrylate PDMS can sustain cell growth of lung and skin epithelium, both of great interest for in vitro drug testing, without causing any genotoxic effect. Moreover, flow experiments with a drug-like solution (Rhodamine 6G) show that Acrylate PDMS drug retention is negligible unlike the high signal shown by PDMS. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that this acrylate resin can be an excellent alternative to PDMS to design stretchable platforms for cell culture and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Villata
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Marta Canta
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Désirée Baruffaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Alice Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy. .,Center for Sustainable Futures @PolitoIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.
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Shah M, Ullah A, Azher K, Rehman AU, Juan W, Aktürk N, Tüfekci CS, Salamci MU. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites: current trends and applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1456-1496. [PMID: 36686959 PMCID: PMC9817086 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites have garnered interest in recent research and development because of their superiority compared to traditionally employed industrial materials. Specifically, polymer nanocomposites offer higher strength, stronger resistance to corrosion or erosion, adaptable production techniques, and lower costs. The vat photopolymerization (VPP) process is a group of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that provide the benefit of relatively low cost, maximum flexibility, high accuracy, and complexity of the printed parts. In the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the understanding of VPP-based processes, such as high-resolution AM methods to print intricate polymer parts. The synergistic integration of nanocomposites and VPP-based 3D printing processes has opened a gateway to the future and is soon expected to surpass traditional manufacturing techniques. This review aims to provide a theoretical background and the engineering capabilities of VPP with a focus on the polymerization of nanocomposite polymer resins. Specifically, the configuration, classification, and factors affecting VPP are summarized in detail. Furthermore, different challenges in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites are discussed together with their pre- and post-processing, where several constraints and limitations that hinder their printability and photo curability are critically discussed. The main focus is the applications of printed polymer nanocomposites and the enhancement in their properties such as mechanical, biomedical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties. Recent literature, mainly in the past three years, is critically discussed and the main contributing results in terms of applications are summarized in the form of tables. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and updated understanding of the underlying difficulties and potential benefits of VPP-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites. It will also help readers to systematically reveal the research problems, gaps, challenges, and promising future directions related to polymer nanocomposites and VPP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Shah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University P. R. China
| | - Abid Ullah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China P. R China
| | - Kashif Azher
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Asif Ur Rehman
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- ERMAKSAN Bursa 16065 Turkey
| | - Wang Juan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang P. R China
| | - Nizami Aktürk
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Celal Sami Tüfekci
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
| | - Metin U Salamci
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
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4
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Wang W, Zhou W, Shi H, He D, Pang Y, Zeng X, Li C. Soft and thermally conductive gels by introducing free-movable polymer chains into network. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Siripongpreda T, Hoven VP, Narupai B, Rodthongku N. Emerging 3D printing based on polymers and nanomaterial additives: Enhancement of properties and potential applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Kankala RK, Chen AZ, Wang SB. 3D Printing of Ultrathin MXene toward Tough and Thermally Resistant Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2862. [PMID: 36014726 PMCID: PMC9414167 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing, a facile and cost-effective manufacturing technique, is often applied when fabricating objects with porcelain structures using photosensitive resins (PSRs). Currently, 3D printed constructions are typically used as models for demonstration purposes rather than industrial applications because of their poor performance. In this study, we prepared nanocomposites by incorporating Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets to enhance the overall characteristics of a PSR, including mechanical properties and thermal resistance. Notably, the designed nanocomposites showed optimum performance at an MXene loading of 0.5% w/w. The mechanical properties of the designed nanocomposites confirmed the enhanced ultimate tensile and flexural strengths (by 32.1% and 42.7%, respectively), at 0.5% w/w MXene loading. Moreover, the incorporated MXene presented no substantial influence on the toughness of the PSR. The glass transition and thermal degradation temperatures at 5% weight loss increased by 7.4 and 10.6 °C, respectively, resulting predominantly from the hydrogen bonding between the PSR and MXene. Together, the experimental results indicate that the designed PSR/MXene nanocomposites are expected to replace pristine resins for LCD printing in various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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7
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Lin Y, Deng W, Rui Y, Liu Y, Lu G, Liu J. Enhanced thermal conductivity of epoxy acrylate/
h‐BN
and
AlN
composites by photo‐curing
3D
printing technology. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Rui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing People's Republic of China
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030465. [PMID: 35160455 PMCID: PMC8839523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ahn D, Stevens LM, Zhou K, Page ZA. Additives for Ambient 3D Printing with Visible Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104906. [PMID: 34523168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With 3D printing, the desire is to be "limited only by imagination," and although remarkable advancements have been made in recent years, the scope of printable materials remains narrow compared to other forms of manufacturing. Light-driven polymerization methods for 3D printing are particularly attractive due to unparalleled speed and resolution, yet the reliance on high-energy UV/violet light in contemporary processes limits the number of compatible materials due to pervasive absorption, scattering, and degradation at these short wavelengths. Such issues can be addressed with visible-light photopolymerizations. However, these lower-energy methods often suffer from slow reaction times and sensitivity to oxygen, precluding their utility in 3D printing processes that require rapid hardening (curing) to maximize build speed and resolution. Herein, multifunctional thiols are identified as simple additives to enable rapid high-resolution visible-light 3D printing under ambient (atmospheric O2 ) conditions that rival modern UV/violet-based technology. The present process is universal, providing access to commercially relevant acrylic resins with a range of disparate mechanical responses from strong and stiff to soft and extensible. Pushing forward, the insight presented within this study will inform the development of next-generation 3D-printing materials, such as multicomponent hydrogels and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lynn M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Assessment of Manufacturing Parameters for New 3D-Printed Heating Circuits Based on CNT-Doped Nanocomposites Processed by UV-Assisted Direct Write. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work consists of the development of an easy strategy to transform any structure into an efficient surface heater by the application of a low voltage over 3D printed nanocomposite circuits. To this end, the electrical conductivity and self-heating capabilities of UV-Assisted Direct Write 3D printed circuits doped with carbon nanotubes were widely explored as a function of the number of printed layers. Moreover, an optimization of the printing process was carried out by comparing the accuracy and printability obtained when printing with two different configurations: extruding and curing the ink in the same stage or curing the extruded ink in a second stage, after the whole layer was deposited. In this regard, the great homogeneity and repeatability of the heating showed by the four-layer printed circuits, together with their excellent performance for long heating times, proved their applicability to convert any structure to a surface heater. Finally, the deicing capability of the four-layer circuit was demonstrated, being able to remove a 2.5 mm thick ice layer in 4 min and 4 s.
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11
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Investigation of the Thermal Conductivity of Silicon-Base Composites: The Effect of Filler Materials and Characteristic on Thermo-Mechanical Response of Silicon Composite. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity is a key property in many applications from electronic to informatics. The interaction of fillers with Sylgard 184 was studied; this study explores new composites and the influence of metal particles (copper and nickel), carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes and carbon black), and ceramic nanoparticles (boron nitride) as fillers to enhance thermal properties of silicon-based composites. The effect of the fillers on the final performances of the composite materials was evaluated. The influence of filler volume, dimension, morphology, and chemical nature is studied. Specifically, FT-IR analysis was used to evaluate curing of the polymer matrix. DSC was used to confirm the data and to further characterize the composites. Thermo-mechanical properties were studied by DMTA. The filler morphology was analyzed by SEM. Finally, thermal conductivity was studied and compared, enlightening the correlation with the features of the fillers. The results demonstrate a remarkable dependence among the type, size, and shape of the filler, and thermal properties of the composite materials. Underlining a that the volume filler influenced the thermal conductivity obtaining the best results with the highest added volume filler and higher positive impact on the k of the composites is reached with large particles and with irregular shapes. In contrast, the increase of filler amount affects the rigidity of the silicon-matrix, increasing the rigidity of the silicon-based composites.
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12
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Spinelli G, Guarini R, Kotsilkova R, Ivanov E, Romano V. Experimental, Theoretical and Simulation Studies on the Thermal Behavior of PLA-Based Nanocomposites Reinforced with Different Carbonaceous Fillers. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061511. [PMID: 34200476 PMCID: PMC8226525 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many research efforts have been directed towards enhancing the thermal properties of polymers, since they are classically regarded as thermal insulators. To this end, the present study focuses on the thermal investigation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filled with two types of carbon nanotubes (trade names: TNIMH4 and N7000), two type of graphene nanoplatelets (trade names: TNIGNP and TNGNP), or their appropriate combination. A significant increase in the thermal conductivity by 254% with respect to that of unfilled polymer was achieved in the best case by using 9 wt% TNIGNP, resulting from its favorable arrangement and the lower thermal boundary resistance between the two phases, matrix and filler. To theoretically assist the design of such advanced nanocomposites, Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Method (RSM) were employed, respectively, to obtain information on the conditioning effect of each filler loading on the thermal conductivity and to find an analytical relationship between them. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data in order to confirm the reliability of the prediction. Finally, a simulation study was carried out with Comsol Multiphysics® for a comparative study between two heat sinks based on pure PLA, and to determine the best thermally performing nanocomposite with a view towards potential use in heat transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spinelli
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics (OLEM), Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.G.); (R.K.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-979-6476
| | - Rosella Guarini
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics (OLEM), Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.G.); (R.K.); (E.I.)
| | - Rumiana Kotsilkova
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics (OLEM), Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.G.); (R.K.); (E.I.)
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Open Laboratory on Experimental Micro and Nano Mechanics (OLEM), Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.G.); (R.K.); (E.I.)
- Research and Development of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies (NanoTech Lab Ltd.), Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vittorio Romano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
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