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Baca KR, Al-Barghouti K, Wang N, Bennett MG, Matamoros Valenciano L, May TL, Xu IV, Cordry M, Haggard DM, Haas AG, Heimann A, Harders AN, Uhl HG, Melfi DT, Yancey AD, Kore R, Maginn EJ, Scurto AM, Shiflett MB. Ionic Liquids for the Separation of Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Mixtures. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5167-5226. [PMID: 38683680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses the research being performed on ionic liquids for the separation of fluorocarbon refrigerant mixtures. Fluorocarbon refrigerants, invented in 1928 by Thomas Midgley Jr., are a unique class of working fluids that are used in a variety of applications including refrigeration. Fluorocarbon refrigerants can be categorized into four generations: chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and hydrofluoroolefins. Each generation of refrigerants solved a key problem from the previous generation; however, each new generation has relied on more complex mixtures that are often zeotropic, near azeotropic, or azeotropic. The complexity of the refrigerants used and the fact that many refrigerants form azeotropes when mixed makes handling the refrigerants at end of life extremely difficult. Today, less than 3% of refrigerants that enter the market are recycled. This is due to a lack of technology in the refrigerant reclaim market that would allow for these complex, azeotropic refrigerant mixtures to be separated into their components in order to be effectively reused, recycled, and if needed repurposed. As the market for recovering and reclaiming refrigerants continues to grow, there is a strong need for separation technology. Ionic liquids show promise for separating azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as an entrainer in extractive distillation process. Ionic liquids have been investigated with refrigerants for this application since the early 2000s. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the physical property measurements, equations of state modeling, molecular simulations, separation techniques, and unique materials unitizing ionic liquids for the development of an ionic-liquid-based separation process for azeotropic refrigerant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin R Baca
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Karim Al-Barghouti
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Madelyn G Bennett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Lucia Matamoros Valenciano
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tessie L May
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Irene V Xu
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Max Cordry
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Dorothy M Haggard
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abigail G Haas
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ashley Heimann
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abby N Harders
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hannah G Uhl
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Diego T Melfi
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Andrew D Yancey
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rajkumar Kore
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aaron M Scurto
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mark B Shiflett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Abstract
Condensable gases are the sum of condensable and volatile steam or organic compounds, including water vapor, which are discharged into the atmosphere in gaseous form at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Condensable toxic and harmful gases emitted from petrochemical, chemical, packaging and printing, industrial coatings, and mineral mining activities seriously pollute the atmospheric environment and endanger human health. Meanwhile, these gases are necessary chemical raw materials; therefore, developing green and efficient capture technology is significant for efficiently utilizing condensed gas resources. To overcome the problems of pollution and corrosion existing in traditional organic solvent and alkali absorption methods, ionic liquids (ILs), known as "liquid molecular sieves", have received unprecedented attention thanks to their excellent separation and regeneration performance and have gradually become green solvents used by scholars to replace traditional absorbents. This work reviews the research progress of ILs in separating condensate gas. As the basis of chemical engineering, this review first provides a detailed discussion of the origin of predictive molecular thermodynamics and its broad application in theory and industry. Afterward, this review focuses on the latest research results of ILs in the capture of several important typical condensable gases, including water vapor, aromatic VOCs (i.e., BTEX), chlorinated VOC, fluorinated refrigerant gas, low-carbon alcohols, ketones, ethers, ester vapors, etc. Using pure IL, mixed ILs, and IL + organic solvent mixtures as absorbents also briefly expanded the related reports of porous materials loaded with an IL as adsorbents. Finally, future development and research directions in this exciting field are remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Sosa JE, Malheiro C, Castro PJ, Ribeiro RPPL, Piñeiro MM, Plantier F, Mota JPB, Araújo JMM, Pereiro AB. Exploring the Potential of Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Separation of Blends of Fluorinated Gases with High Global Warming Potential. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200107. [PMID: 36618101 PMCID: PMC9818065 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The research on porous materials for the selective capture of fluorinated gases (F-gases) is key to reduce their emissions. Here, the adsorption of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) is studied in four metal-organic frameworks (MOFs: Cu-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, MOF-177, and MIL-53(Al)) and in one zeolite (ZSM-5) with the aim to develop technologies for the efficient capture and separation of high global warming potential blends containing these gases. Single-component sorption equilibria of the pure gases are measured at three temperatures (283.15, 303.15, and 323.15 K) by gravimetry and correlated using the Tóth and Virial adsorption models, and selectivities toward R-410A and R-407F are determined by ideal adsorption solution theory. While at lower pressures, R-125 and R-134a are preferentially adsorbed in all materials, at higher pressures there is no selectivity, or it is shifted toward the adsorption R-32. Furthermore, at high pressures, MOF-177 shows the highest adsorption capacity for the three F-gases. The results presented here show that the utilization of MOFs, as tailored made materials, is promising for the development of new approaches for the selective capture of F-gases and for the separation of blends of these gases, which are used in commercial refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E. Sosa
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
| | - Carine Malheiro
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'AdourE2S UPPACNRSTOTALLFCRAnglet64600France
| | - Paulo J. Castro
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
| | - Rui P. P. L. Ribeiro
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
| | - Manuel M. Piñeiro
- Departamento de Física AplicadaFacultade de CienciasUniversidade de VigoVigoE36310Spain
| | - Frédéric Plantier
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'AdourE2S UPPACNRSTOTALLFCRAnglet64600France
| | - José P. B. Mota
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
| | - João M. M. Araújo
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
| | - Ana B. Pereiro
- Department of ChemistryLAQVREQUIMTENOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparica2829‐516Portugal
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Ricci E, Minelli M, De Angelis MG. Modelling Sorption and Transport of Gases in Polymeric Membranes across Different Scales: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:857. [PMID: 36135877 PMCID: PMC9502097 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Professor Giulio C. Sarti has provided outstanding contributions to the modelling of fluid sorption and transport in polymeric materials, with a special eye on industrial applications such as membrane separation, due to his Chemical Engineering background. He was the co-creator of innovative theories such as the Non-Equilibrium Theory for Glassy Polymers (NET-GP), a flexible tool to estimate the solubility of pure and mixed fluids in a wide range of polymers, and of the Standard Transport Model (STM) for estimating membrane permeability and selectivity. In this review, inspired by his rigorous and original approach to representing membrane fundamentals, we provide an overview of the most significant and up-to-date modeling tools available to estimate the main properties governing polymeric membranes in fluid separation, namely solubility and diffusivity. The paper is not meant to be comprehensive, but it focuses on those contributions that are most relevant or that show the potential to be relevant in the future. We do not restrict our view to the field of macroscopic modelling, which was the main playground of professor Sarti, but also devote our attention to Molecular and Multiscale Hierarchical Modeling. This work proposes a critical evaluation of the different approaches considered, along with their limitations and potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ricci
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Minelli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia De Angelis
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
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Tomé LC, Santos DMF, Velizarov S, Coelhoso IM, Mendes A, Crespo JG, de Pinho MN. Overview of Membrane Science and Technology in Portugal. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:197. [PMID: 35207118 PMCID: PMC8877918 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Membrane research in Portugal is aligned with global concerns and expectations for sustainable social development, thus progressively focusing on the use of natural resources and renewable energy. This review begins by addressing the pioneer work on membrane science and technology in Portugal by the research groups of Instituto Superior Técnico-Universidade de Lisboa (IST), NOVA School of Science and Technology-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT NOVA) and Faculdade de Engenharia-Universidade do Porto (FEUP) aiming to provide an historical perspective on the topic. Then, an overview of the trends and challenges in membrane processes and materials, mostly in the last five years, involving Portuguese researchers, is presented as a contribution to a more sustainable water-energy-material-food nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.C.T.); (S.V.); (J.G.C.)
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies (LaPMET), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.F.S.); (M.N.d.P.)
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.C.T.); (S.V.); (J.G.C.)
| | - Isabel M. Coelhoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.C.T.); (S.V.); (J.G.C.)
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João G. Crespo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.C.T.); (S.V.); (J.G.C.)
| | - Maria Norberta de Pinho
- Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies (LaPMET), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.F.S.); (M.N.d.P.)
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Jovell D, Pou JO, Llovell F, Gonzalez-Olmos R. Life Cycle Assessment of the Separation and Recycling of Fluorinated Gases Using Ionic Liquids in a Circular Economy Framework. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:71-80. [PMID: 35036177 PMCID: PMC8753992 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stricter regulation regarding the use of fluorinated gases (F-gases), as a consequence of their high Global Warming Potential (GWP), represents a challenge for the refrigeration industry. The design of alternatives requires the recycling of the low to moderate GWP compounds from current refrigerant blends. However, there is not a developed and standardized technology available to recover them, and once the life cycle of the refrigeration equipment has ended, most gases are incinerated. Fluorinated ionic liquids (FILs) can effectively perform as absorbents to the complex separation of F-gas mixtures. In this work, a methodology based on the COSMO-RS thermodynamic package integrated into an Aspen Plus process simulator was used to evaluate the performance of an FIL to recover difluoromethane (R-32) from the commercial blend R-407F. The environmental sustainability of the recovery process (circular economy scenario) was analyzed with a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, comparing the obtained results with the conventional R-32 production (benchmark scenario). The results reveal a 30% recovery of 98 wt % R-32 suitable for further reuse with environmental load reduction in the 86-99% range compared to the R-32 production. This study can guide the development of new F-gas recovery technologies to improve the environmental impacts of these compounds from a circular economy perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jovell
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep O. Pou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fèlix Llovell
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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