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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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Fu J, Fu K, Wang B, Ye Z, Gao X, Yan J, Wang Y. Vertically stacked quantum well diodes for multifunctional applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6052-6055. [PMID: 37966787 DOI: 10.1364/ol.506868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Dual-functioning multiple quantum well (MQW) diodes can simultaneously transmit and receive information through visible light. Here, we report vertically stacked red, green, and blue (RGB) MQW diodes for light detection and display applications. Both blue and green MQW diodes are monolithically integrated with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) filters to realize the separation of light. The versatile RGB MQW transmitter/receiver system not only creates full-color display but also effectively separates RGB light into various colors. These results open feasible routes to generate multifunctional device for the development of full-color display and light receiver.
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Liu C, Feng F, Liu Z. Comparative Analysis of Optoelectrical Performance in Laser Lift-Off Process for GaN-Based Green Micro-LED Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2213. [PMID: 37570531 PMCID: PMC10421192 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the pivotal role of laser lift-off (LLO) as a vital production process in facilitating the integration of Micro-LEDs into display modules. We specifically investigate the LLO process applied to high-performance gallium nitride (GaN)-based green Micro-LED arrays, featuring a pixel size of 20 × 38 μm on a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations demonstrate the preservation of the GaN film and sapphire substrate, with no discernible damage. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the optoelectrical properties of the Micro-LEDs both before and after the LLO process, revealing significant enhancements in light output power (LOP) and external quantum efficiency (EQE). These improvements are attributed to more effective light extraction from the remaining patterns on the GaN backside surface. Furthermore, we examine the electroluminescence spectra of the Micro-LEDs under varying current conditions, revealing a slight change in peak wavelength and an approximate 10% decrease in the full width at half maximum (FWHM), indicating improved color purity. The current-voltage (I-V) curves obtained demonstrate the unchanged forward voltage at 2.17 V after the LLO process. Our findings emphasize the efficacy of LLO in optimizing the performance and color quality of Micro-LEDs, showcasing their potential for seamless integration into advanced display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbiao Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China;
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China;
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Chang W, Kim J, Kim M, Lee MW, Lim CH, Kim G, Hwang S, Chang J, Min YH, Jeon K, Kim S, Choi YH, Lee JS. Concurrent self-assembly of RGB microLEDs for next-generation displays. Nature 2023; 617:287-291. [PMID: 37138079 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroLED displays have been in the spotlight as the next-generation displays owing to their various advantages, including long lifetime and high brightness compared with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. As a result, microLED technology1,2 is being commercialized for large-screen displays such as digital signage and active R&D programmes are being carried out for other applications, such as augmented reality3, flexible displays4 and biological imaging5. However, substantial obstacles in transfer technology, namely, high throughput, high yield and production scalability up to Generation 10+ (2,940 × 3,370 mm2) glass sizes, need to be overcome so that microLEDs can enter mainstream product markets and compete with liquid-crystal displays and OLED displays. Here we present a new transfer method based on fluidic self-assembly (FSA) technology, named magnetic-force-assisted dielectrophoretic self-assembly technology (MDSAT), which combines magnetic and dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces to achieve a simultaneous red, green and blue (RGB) LED transfer yield of 99.99% within 15 min. By embedding nickel, a ferromagnetic material, in the microLEDs, their movements were controlled by using magnets, and by applying localized DEP force centred around the receptor holes, these microLEDs were effectively captured and assembled in the receptor site. Furthermore, concurrent assembly of RGB LEDs were demonstrated through shape matching between microLEDs and receptors. Finally, a light-emitting panel was fabricated, showing damage-free transfer characteristics and uniform RGB electroluminescence emission, demonstrating our MDSAT method to be an excellent transfer technology candidate for high-volume production of mainstream commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Chang
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungsub Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsoo Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Lee
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyun Lim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunho Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Hwang
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Chang
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Min
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiseong Jeon
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Choi
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Lee
- Materials & Devices Advanced Research Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer. Nature 2023; 614:81-87. [PMID: 36725999 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro-LEDs (µLEDs) have been explored for augmented and virtual reality display applications that require extremely high pixels per inch and luminance1,2. However, conventional manufacturing processes based on the lateral assembly of red, green and blue (RGB) µLEDs have limitations in enhancing pixel density3-6. Recent demonstrations of vertical µLED displays have attempted to address this issue by stacking freestanding RGB LED membranes and fabricating top-down7-14, but minimization of the lateral dimensions of stacked µLEDs has been difficult. Here we report full-colour, vertically stacked µLEDs that achieve, to our knowledge, the highest array density (5,100 pixels per inch) and the smallest size (4 µm) reported to date. This is enabled by a two-dimensional materials-based layer transfer technique15-18 that allows the growth of RGB LEDs of near-submicron thickness on two-dimensional material-coated substrates via remote or van der Waals epitaxy, mechanical release and stacking of LEDs, followed by top-down fabrication. The smallest-ever stack height of around 9 µm is the key enabler for record high µLED array density. We also demonstrate vertical integration of blue µLEDs with silicon membrane transistors for active matrix operation. These results establish routes to creating full-colour µLED displays for augmented and virtual reality, while also offering a generalizable platform for broader classes of three-dimensional integrated devices.
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Blanton EW, Motala MJ, Prusnick TA, Hilton A, Brown JL, Bhattacharyya A, Krishnamoorthy S, Leedy K, Glavin NR, Snure M. Spalling-Induced Liftoff and Transfer of Electronic Films Using a van der Waals Release Layer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102668. [PMID: 34541817 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous integration strategies are increasingly being employed to achieve more compact and capable electronics systems for multiple applications including space, electric vehicles, and wearable and medical devices. To enable new integration strategies, the growth and transfer of thin electronic films and devices, including III-nitrides, metal oxides, and 2D materials, using 2D boron nitride (BN)-on-sapphire templates are demonstrated. The van der Waals (vdW) BN layer, in this case, acts as a preferred mechanical release layer for precise separation at the substrate-film interface and leaves a smooth surface suitable for vdW bonding. A tensilely stressed Ni layer sputtered on top of the film induces controlled spalling fracture that propagates at the BN/sapphire interface. By incorporating controlled spalling, the process yield and sensitivity are greatly improved, owed to the greater fracture energy provided by the stressed metal layer relative to a soft tape or rubber stamp. With stress playing a critical role in this process, the influence of residual stress on detrimental cracking and bowing is investigated. Additionally, a back-end selected area lift-off technique is developed which allows for isolation and transfer of individual devices or arbitrary shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arkka Bhattacharyya
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sriram Krishnamoorthy
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kevin Leedy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, 45433, USA
| | - Michael Snure
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
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