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Della Camera G, Liu T, Yang W, Li Y, Puntes VF, Gioria S, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Induction of Innate Memory in Human Monocytes Exposed to Mixtures of Bacterial Agents and Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314655. [PMID: 36498992 PMCID: PMC9738562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed whether concomitant exposure of human monocytes to bacterial agents and different engineered nanoparticles can affect the induction of protective innate memory, an immune mechanism that affords better resistance to diverse threatening challenges. Monocytes were exposed in vitro to nanoparticles of different chemical nature, shape and size either alone or admixed with LPS, and cell activation was assessed in terms of production of inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra). After return to baseline conditions, cells were re-challenged with LPS and their secondary "memory" response measured. Results show that nanoparticles alone are essentially unable to generate memory, while LPS induced a tolerance memory response (less inflammatory cytokines, equal or increased anti-inflammatory cytokines). LPS-induced tolerance was not significantly affected by the presence of nanoparticles during the memory generation phase, although with substantial donor-to-donor variability. This suggests that, despite the overall lack of significant effects on LPS-induced innate memory, nanoparticles may have donor-specific effects. Thus, future nanosafety assessment and nanotherapeutic strategies will need a personalized approach in order to ensure both the safety and efficacy of nano medical compounds for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Della Camera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Tinghao Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), IBBC, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), IBBC, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Boraschi D. An Evolutionary and Environmental Perspective of the Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060957. [PMID: 35335770 PMCID: PMC8949029 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Frauenlob T, Neuper T, Mehinagic M, Dang HH, Boraschi D, Horejs-Hoeck J. Helicobacter pylori Infection of Primary Human Monocytes Boosts Subsequent Immune Responses to LPS. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847958. [PMID: 35309333 PMCID: PMC8924073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) affects almost half of the world's population and is a major cause of stomach cancer. Although immune cells react strongly to this gastric bacterium, H. pylori is still one of the rare pathogens that can evade elimination by the host and cause chronic inflammation. In the present study, we characterized the inflammatory response of primary human monocytes to repeated H. pylori infection and their responsiveness to an ensuing bacterial stimulus. We show that, although repeated stimulations with H. pylori do not result in an enhanced response, H. pylori-primed monocytes are hyper-responsive to an Escherichia coli-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation that takes place shortly after infection. This hyper-responsiveness to bacterial stimuli is observed upon infection with viable H. pylori only, while heat-killed H. pylori fails to boost both cytokine secretion and STAT activation in response to LPS. When the secondary challenge occurs several days after the primary infection with live bacteria, H. pylori-infected monocytes lose their hyper-responsiveness. The observation that H. pylori makes primary human monocytes more susceptible to subsequent/overlapping stimuli provides an important basis to better understand how H. pylori can maintain chronic inflammation and thus contribute to gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Frauenlob
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theresa Neuper
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Muamera Mehinagic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hieu-Hoa Dang
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg (CCS), Salzburg, Austria
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The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112991. [PMID: 34835755 PMCID: PMC8621168 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debris or misfolded/degraded proteins). Accordingly, the immune system can detect molecular and cellular structures with a spatial resolution of a few nm, which allows for detecting molecular patterns expressed in a great variety of pathogens, including viral and bacterial proteins and bacterial nucleic acid sequences. Such patterns are also expressed in abnormal cells. In this context, it is expected that nanostructured materials in the size range of proteins, protein aggregates, and viruses with different molecular coatings can engage in a sophisticated interaction with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be recognized or passed undetected by the immune system. Once detected, they can be tolerated or induce defensive (inflammatory) or anti-inflammatory responses. This paper describes the different modes of interaction between nanoparticles, especially inorganic nanoparticles, and the immune system, especially the innate immune system. This perspective should help to propose a set of selection rules for nanosafety-by-design and medical nanoparticle design.
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Swartzwelter BJ, Michelini S, Frauenlob T, Barbero F, Verde A, De Luca AC, Puntes V, Duschl A, Horejs-Hoeck J, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate Memory Reprogramming by Gold Nanoparticles Depends on the Microbial Agents That Induce Memory. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751683. [PMID: 34804037 PMCID: PMC8600232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory, the ability of innate cells to react in a more protective way to secondary challenges, is induced by exposure to infectious and other exogeous and endogenous agents. Engineered nanoparticles are particulate exogenous agents that, as such, could trigger an inflammatory reaction in monocytes and macrophages and could therefore be also able to induce innate memory. Here, we have evaluated the capacity of engineered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to induce a memory response or to modulate the memory responses induced by microbial agents. Microbial agents used were in soluble vs. particulate form (MDP and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus; β-glucan and the β-glucan-producing fungi C. albicans), and as whole microrganisms that were either killed (S. aureus, C. albicans) or viable (the gram-negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori). The memory response was assessed in vitro, by exposing human primary monocytes from 2-7 individual donors to microbial agents with or without AuNPs (primary response), then resting them for 6 days to allow return to baseline, and eventually challenging them with LPS (secondary memory response). Primary and memory responses were tested as production of the innate/inflammatory cytokine TNFα and other inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. While inactive on the response induced by soluble microbial stimuli (muramyl dipeptide -MDP-, β-glucan), AuNPs partially reduced the primary response induced by whole microorganisms. AuNPs were also unable to directly induce a memory response but could modulate stimulus-induced memory in a circumscribed fashion, limited to some agents and some cytokines. Thus, the MDP-induced tolerance in terms of TNFα production was further exacerbated by co-priming with AuNPs, resulting in a less inflammatory memory response. Conversely, the H. pylori-induced tolerance was downregulated by AuNPs only relative to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which would lead to an overall more inflammatory memory response. These effects of AuNPs may depend on a differential interaction/association between the reactive particle surfaces and the microbial components and agents, which may lead to a change in the exposure profiles. As a general observation, however, the donor-to-donor variability in memory response profiles and reactivity to AuNPs was substantial, suggesting that innate memory depends on the individual history of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Swartzwelter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Frauenlob
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Verde
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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