Effects of Size and Surface Properties of Nanodiamonds on the Immunogenicity of Plant-Based H5 Protein of A/H5N1 Virus in Mice

Nanodiamonds in biomedical research: Therapeutic applications and beyond

Nanodiamonds (NDs) comprise a family of carbon-based nanomaterials (i.e. diameter <100 nm) with the same sp3 lattice structure that gives natural diamonds their exceptional hardness and electrical insulating properties. Among all carbon nanomaterials-e.g. carbon nanotubes, nanodots, and fullerenes-NDs are of particular interest for biomedical applications because they offer high biocompatibility, stability in vivo, and a dynamic surface chemistry that can be manipulated to perform a seemingly limitless variety of ultra-specific tasks. NDs are already deepening our understanding of basic biological processes, while numerous laboratories continue studying these nanomaterials with an aim of making seismic improvements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. This review surveys approximately 2,000 the most recent articles published in the last 5 years and includes references to more than 150 of the most relevant publications on the biomedical applications of NDs. The findings are categorized by contemporary lines of investigation based on potential applications, namely: genetics and gene editing, drug delivery systems, neural interfacing, biomedical sensors, synthetic biology, and organ and tissue regeneration. This review also includes a brief background of NDs and the methods currently developed for their synthesis and preparation. Finally, recommendations for future investigations are offered.

Nanomaterial-based biosensors for avian influenza virus: A new way forward

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Although human infections are rare, the virus has a high mortality rate when contracted. Appropriate detection methods are thus crucial for combatting this pathogen. There is a growing demand for rapid, selective, and accurate methods of identifying the virus. Numerous biosensors have been designed and commercialized to detect AIV. However, they all have considerable shortcomings. Nanotechnology offers a new way forward. Nanomaterials produce more eco-friendly, rapid, and portable diagnostic systems. They also exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity while achieving a low detection limit (LOD). This paper reviews state-of-the-art nanomaterial-based biosensors for AIV detection, such as those composed of quantum dots, gold, silver, carbon, silica, nanodiamond, and other nanoparticles. It also offers insight into potential trial protocols for creating more effective methods of identifying AIV and discusses key issues associated with developing nanomaterial-based biosensors.

Applications of Fluorescent Nanodiamond in Biology

Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) has emerged as a promising material in several multidisciplinary areas, including biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. Composed of sp 3 ‐carbon atoms, FND offers superior biocompatibility, chemical inertness, a large surface area, tunable surface structure, and excellent mechanical characteristics. The nanoparticle is unique in that it comprises a high‐density ensemble of negatively charged nitrogen‐vacancy (NV − ) centers that act as built‐in fluorophores and exhibit a number of remarkable optical and magnetic properties. These properties make FND particularly well suited for a wide range of applications, including cell labeling, long‐term cell tracking, super‐resolution imaging, nanoscale sensing, and drug delivery. This article discusses recent applications of FND‐enabled developments in biology.