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Byrne R, Carrico A, Lettieri M, Rajan AK, Forster RJ, Cumba LR. Bioinks and biofabrication techniques for biosensors development: A review. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101185. [PMID: 39205870 PMCID: PMC11350460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting technologies and bioink development are enabling significant advances in miniaturized and integrated biosensors. For example, bioreceptors can be immobilized within a porous 3D structure to significantly amplify the signal, while biocompatible and mechanically flexible systems uniquely enable wearable chem- and bio-sensors. This advancement is accelerating translation by enabling the production of high performance, reproducible, and flexible analytical devices. The formulation of the bioink plays a crucial role in determining the bio-functionality of the resulting printed structures, e.g., the porosity that allows the analyte to diffuse through the 3D structure, the affinity and avidity of the receptors, etc. This review explores the next generation of advanced bioinks for biosensor development and provides insights into the latest cutting-edge bioprinting technologies. The bioprinting methods available for biosensor fabrication including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-based bioprinting, are discussed. The advantages and limitations of each method are analysed, and recent advancements in bioprinting technologies are presented. The review then delves into the properties of advanced bioinks, such as biocompatibility, printability, stability, and applicability. Different types of advanced bioinks are explored, including multicomponent, stimuli-responsive, and conductive bioinks. Finally, the next generation of bioinks for biosensors is considered, identifying possible new opportunities and challenges. Overall, this literature review highlights the combined importance of bioink formulation and bioprinting methods for the development of high-performance analytical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Amanda Carrico
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mariagrazia Lettieri
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Athira K. Rajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland
| | - Loanda R. Cumba
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Fialkova S, Yarmolenko S, Krishnaswamy A, Sankar J, Shanov V, Schulz MJ, Desai S. Nanoimprint Lithography for Next-Generation Carbon Nanotube-Based Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1011. [PMID: 38921886 PMCID: PMC11206719 DOI: 10.3390/nano14121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This research reports the development of 3D carbon nanostructures that can provide unique capabilities for manufacturing carbon nanotube (CNT) electronic components, electrochemical probes, biosensors, and tissue scaffolds. The shaped CNT arrays were grown on patterned catalytic substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The new fabrication process for catalyst patterning based on combination of nanoimprint lithography (NIL), magnetron sputtering, and reactive etching techniques was studied. The optimal process parameters for each technique were evaluated. The catalyst was made by deposition of Fe and Co nanoparticles over an alumina support layer on a Si/SiO2 substrate. The metal particles were deposited using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique, with a particle ranging from 6 nm to 12 nm and density from 70 to 1000 particles/micron. The Alumina layer was deposited by radio frequency (RF) and reactive pulsed DC sputtering, and the effect of sputtering parameters on surface roughness was studied. The pattern was developed by thermal NIL using Si master-molds with PMMA and NRX1025 polymers as thermal resists. Catalyst patterns of lines, dots, and holes ranging from 70 nm to 500 nm were produced and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Vertically aligned CNTs were successfully grown on patterned catalyst and their quality was evaluated by SEM and micro-Raman. The results confirm that the new fabrication process has the ability to control the size and shape of CNT arrays with superior quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Fialkova
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.F.); (S.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Sergey Yarmolenko
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.F.); (S.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Arvind Krishnaswamy
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.F.); (S.Y.); (J.S.)
- Center for Excellence in Product Design and Advanced Manufacturing, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Vesselin Shanov
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mark J. Schulz
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Salil Desai
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (S.F.); (S.Y.); (J.S.)
- Center for Excellence in Product Design and Advanced Manufacturing, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Silvestri A, Vázquez-Díaz S, Misia G, Poletti F, López-Domene R, Pavlov V, Zanardi C, Cortajarena AL, Prato M. An Electroactive and Self-Assembling Bio-Ink, based on Protein-Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Analytical Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300163. [PMID: 37144410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of new electrochemical sensors are reported in literature every year. However, only a few of them makes it to the market. Manufacturability, or rather the lack of it, is the parameter that dictates if new sensing technologies will remain forever in the laboratory in which they are conceived. Inkjet printing is a low-cost and versatile technique that can facilitate the transfer of nanomaterial-based sensors to the market. Herein, an electroactive and self-assembling inkjet-printable ink based on protein-nanomaterial composites and exfoliated graphene is reported. The consensus tetratricopeptide proteins (CTPRs), used to formulate this ink, are engineered to template and coordinate electroactive metallic nanoclusters (NCs), and to self-assemble upon drying, forming stable films. The authors demonstrate that, by incorporating graphene in the ink formulation, it is possible to dramatically improve the electrocatalytic properties of the ink, obtaining an efficient hybrid material for hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) detection. Using this bio-ink, the authors manufactured disposable and environmentally sustainable electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) to detect H2 O2 , outperforming commercial screen-printed platforms. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that oxidoreductase enzymes can be included in the formulation, to fully inkjet-print enzymatic amperometric biosensors ready to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Silvia Vázquez-Díaz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Misia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Poletti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Rocío López-Domene
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- POLYMAT and Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Valeri Pavlov
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of molecular sciences and nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia, 30170, Italy
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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Abstract
Development and implementation of neuroprosthetic hands is a multidisciplinary field at the interface between humans and artificial robotic systems, which aims at replacing the sensorimotor function of the upper-limb amputees as their own. Although prosthetic hand devices with myoelectric control can be dated back to more than 70 years ago, their applications with anthropomorphic robotic mechanisms and sensory feedback functions are still at a relatively preliminary and laboratory stage. Nevertheless, a recent series of proof-of-concept studies suggest that soft robotics technology may be promising and useful in alleviating the design complexity of the dexterous mechanism and integration difficulty of multifunctional artificial skins, in particular, in the context of personalized applications. Here, we review the evolution of neuroprosthetic hands with the emerging and cutting-edge soft robotics, covering the soft and anthropomorphic prosthetic hand design and relating bidirectional neural interactions with myoelectric control and sensory feedback. We further discuss future opportunities on revolutionized mechanisms, high-performance soft sensors, and compliant neural-interaction interfaces for the next generation of neuroprosthetic hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ningbin Zhang
- Robotics Institute, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Robotics Institute, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haipeng Xu
- Robotics Institute, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Robotics Institute, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Falina S, Anuar K, Shafiee SA, Juan JC, Manaf AA, Kawarada H, Syamsul M. Two-Dimensional Non-Carbon Materials-Based Electrochemical Printed Sensors: An Updated Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239358. [PMID: 36502059 PMCID: PMC9735910 DOI: 10.3390/s22239358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in electrochemical printed sensors for a wide range of applications such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, food safety, and environmental fields. A major challenge is to obtain selective, sensitive, and reliable sensing platforms that can meet the stringent performance requirements of these application areas. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials advances have accelerated the performance of electrochemical sensors towards more practical approaches. This review discusses the recent development of electrochemical printed sensors, with emphasis on the integration of non-carbon 2D materials as sensing platforms. A brief introduction to printed electrochemical sensors and electrochemical technique analysis are presented in the first section of this review. Subsequently, sensor surface functionalization and modification techniques including drop-casting, electrodeposition, and printing of functional ink are discussed. In the next section, we review recent insights into novel fabrication methodologies, electrochemical techniques, and sensors' performances of the most used transition metal dichalcogenides materials (such as MoS2, MoSe2, and WS2), MXenes, and hexagonal boron-nitride (hBN). Finally, the challenges that are faced by electrochemical printed sensors are highlighted in the conclusion. This review is not only useful to provide insights for researchers that are currently working in the related area, but also instructive to the ones new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Khairu Anuar
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Arifin Shafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Joon Ching Juan
- Nanotechnology & Catalyst Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Fabrication and quantitative performance analysis of a low-cost, flexible CNT network-based DNA sensors using ink-jet printing. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Garate O, Veiga LS, Tancredi P, Medrano AV, Monsalve LN, Ybarra G. High-performance non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor prepared with a magnetite-loaded carbon nanotube waterborne ink. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Printing technology promises a viable solution for the low-cost, rapid, flexible, and mass fabrication of biosensors. Among the vast number of printing techniques, screen printing and inkjet printing have been widely adopted for the fabrication of biosensors. Screen printing provides ease of operation and rapid processing; however, it is bound by the effects of viscous inks, high material waste, and the requirement for masks, to name a few. Inkjet printing, on the other hand, is well suited for mass fabrication that takes advantage of computer-aided design software for pattern modifications. Furthermore, being drop-on-demand, it prevents precious material waste and offers high-resolution patterning. To exploit the features of inkjet printing technology, scientists have been keen to use it for the development of biosensors since 1988. A vast number of fully and partially inkjet-printed biosensors have been developed ever since. This study presents a short introduction on the printing technology used for biosensor fabrication in general, and a brief review of the recent reports related to virus, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic biosensor fabrication, via inkjet printing technology in particular.
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Sheng K, Jiang H, Fang Y, Wang L, Jiang D. Emerging electrochemical biosensing approaches for detection of allergen in food samples: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Bioactive Molecules (Hydrogen Peroxide, Glucose, Dopamine) with Perovskites-Based Sensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite-modified electrodes have received increasing attention in the last decade, due to their electrocatalytic properties to undergo the sensitive and selective detection of bioactive molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and dopamine. In this review paper, different types of perovskites involved for their electrocatalytic properties are described, and the proposed mechanism of detection is presented. The analytical performances obtained for different electroactive molecules are listed and compared with those in terms of the type of perovskite used, its nanostructuration, and its association with other conductive nanomaterials. The analytical performance obtained with perovskites is shown to be better than those of Ni and Co oxide-based electrochemical sensors. Main trends and future challenges for enlarging and improving the use of perovskite-based electrochemical sensors are then discussed.
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Direct Fabrication of Micron-Thickness PVA-CNT Patterned Films by Integrating Micro-Pen Writing of PVA Films and Drop-on-Demand Printing of CNT Micropatterns. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092335. [PMID: 34578653 PMCID: PMC8466232 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct fabrication of micron-thickness patterned electronics consisting of patterned PVA films and CNT micropatterns still faces considerable challenges. Here, we demonstrated the integrated fabrication of PVA films of micron-thickness and CNT-based patterns by utilising micro-pen writing and drop-on-demand printing in sequence. Patterned PVA films of 1-5 μm in thickness were written first using proper micro-pen writing parameters, including the writing gap, the substrate moving velocity, and the working pressure. Then, CNT droplets were printed on PVA films that were cured at 55-65 °C for 3-15 min, resulting in neat CNT patterns. In addition, an inertia-pseudopartial wetting spreading model was established to release the dynamics of the droplet spreading process over thin viscoelastic films. Uniform and dense CNT lines with a porosity of 2.2% were printed on PVA substrates that were preprocessed at 55 °C for 9 min using a staggered overwriting method with the proper number of layers. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of this hybrid printing method by printing a patterned PVA-CNT film and a micro-ribbon. This study provides a valid method for directly fabricating micron-thickness PVA-CNT electronics. The proposed method can also provide guidance on the direct writing of other high-molecular polymer materials and printing inks of other nanosuspensions.
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