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Kang J, Jose RM, Oliva M, Auzelle T, Ruiz MG, Tahraoui A, Lähnemann J, Brandt O, Geelhaar L. Uniform large-area surface patterning achieved by metal dewetting for the top-down fabrication of GaN nanowire ensembles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:375301. [PMID: 38861940 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The dewetting of thin Pt films on different surfaces is investigated as a means to provide the patterning for the top-down fabrication of GaN nanowire ensembles. The transformation from a thin film to an ensemble of nanoislands upon annealing proceeds in good agreement with the void growth model. With increasing annealing duration, the size and shape uniformity of the nanoislands improves. This improvement speeds up for higher annealing temperature. After an optimum annealing duration, the size uniformity deteriorates due to the coalescence of neighboring islands. By changing the Pt film thickness, the nanoisland diameter and density can be quantitatively controlled in a way predicted by a simple thermodynamic model. We demonstrate the uniformity of the nanoisland ensembles for an area larger than 1 cm2. GaN nanowires are fabricated by a sequence of dry and wet etching steps, and these nanowires inherit the diameters and density of the Pt nanoisland ensemble used as a mask. Our study achieves advancements in size uniformity and range of obtainable diameters compared to previous works. This simple, economical, and scalable approach to the top-down fabrication of nanowires is useful for applications requiring large and uniform nanowire ensembles with controllable dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Kang
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rose-Mary Jose
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Oliva
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Auzelle
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikel Gómez Ruiz
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abbes Tahraoui
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Lähnemann
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Brandt
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Geelhaar
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Han D, Tang W, Sun N, Ye H, Chai H, Wang M. Shape and Composition Evolution in an Alloy Core-Shell Nanowire Heterostructure Induced by Adatom Diffusion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111732. [PMID: 37299635 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A core-shell nanowire heterostructure is an important building block for nanowire-based optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the shape and composition evolution induced by adatom diffusion is investigated by constructing a growth model for alloy core-shell nanowire heterostructures, taking diffusion, adsorption, desorption and incorporation of adatoms into consideration. With moving boundaries accounting for sidewall growth, the transient diffusion equations are numerically solved by the finite element method. The adatom diffusions introduce the position-dependent and time-dependent adatom concentrations of components A and B. The newly grown alloy nanowire shell depends on the incorporation rates, resulting in both shape and composition evolution during growth. The results show that the morphology of nanowire shell strongly depends on the flux impingement angle. With the increase in this impingement angle, the position of the largest shell thickness on sidewall moves down to the bottom of nanowire and meanwhile, the contact angle between shell and substrate increases to an obtuse angle. Coupled with the shell shapes, the composition profiles are shown as non-uniform along both the nanowire and the shell growth directions, which can be attributed to the adatom diffusion of components A and B. The impacts of parameters on the shape and composition evolution are systematically investigated, including diffusion length, adatom lifetime and corresponding ratios between components. This kinetic model is expected to interpret the contribution of adatom diffusion in growing alloy group-IV and group III-V core-shell nanowire heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Han
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Naizhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Han Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hongyu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Zhang Q, Liu D, Zhou S, Chen G, Su J, Sun L, Xiong Y, Li X. Quasi-Freeform Metasurfaces for Wide-Angle Beam Deflecting and Splitting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1156. [PMID: 37049250 PMCID: PMC10097112 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces attracted extensive interests due to their outstanding ability to manipulate the wavefront at a subwavelength scale. In this study, we demonstrated quasi-freeform metasurfaces in which the radius, location, and height of the nanocylinder building blocks were set as optimized structure parameters, providing more degrees of freedom compared with traditional gradient metasurfaces. Given a desired wavefront shaping objective, these structure parameters can be collectively optimized utilizing a hybrid optimized algorithm. To demonstrate the versatility and feasibility of our method, we firstly proposed metasurfaces with deflecting efficiencies ranging from 86.2% to 94.8%, where the deflecting angles can vary in the range of 29°-75.6°. With further study, we applied our concept to realize a variety of high-efficiency, wide-angle, equal-power beam splitters. The total splitting efficiencies of all the proposed beam splitters exceeded 89.4%, where a highest efficiency of 97.6%, a maximum splitting angle of 75.6°, and a splitting uniformity of 0.33% were obtained. Considering that various deflecting angles, and various splitting channels with different splitting angles, can be realized by setting the optical response of metasurfaces as the optimization target, we believe that our method will provide an alternative approach for metasurfaces to realize desired wavefront shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingquan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Junli Su
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Leihao Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunbo Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Polarization Control in Integrated Silicon Waveguides Using Semiconductor Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142438. [PMID: 35889662 PMCID: PMC9320397 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we show the design of a silicon photonic-based polarization converting device based on the integration of semiconduction InP nanowires on the silicon photonic platform. We present a comprehensive numerical analysis showing that full polarization conversion (from quasi-TE modes to quasi-TM modes, and vice versa) can be achieved in devices exhibiting small footprints (total device lengths below 20 µm) with minimal power loss (<2 dB). The approach described in this work can pave the way to the realization of complex and re-configurable photonic processors based on the manipulation of the state of polarization of guided light beams.
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Tailoring InSb Nanowires for High Thermoelectric Performance Using AAO Template-Assisted Die Casting Process. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122032. [PMID: 35745371 PMCID: PMC9227088 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a facile technique for the fabrication of one-dimensional indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires using anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template-assisted vacuum die-casting method. The filling mechanism of the vacuum die-casting process is investigated on varying AAO pore structures through different electrolytes. It is found that the anodizing electrolytes play a vital role in nanowire growth and structure formation. The as-obtained InSb nanowires from the dissolution process show a degree of high crystallinity, homogeneity, and uniformity throughout their structure. The TEM and XRD results elucidated the InSb zinc-blende crystal structure and preferential orientation along the c-axis direction. The thermoelectric characteristics of InSb nanowires were measured with a four-electrode system, and their resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, power factor, thermal conductivity, and ZT have been evaluated. Further, surface-modified nanowires using the reactive-ion etching technique showed a 50% increase in thermoelectric performance.
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Dvoretckaia L, Gridchin V, Mozharov A, Maksimova A, Dragunova A, Melnichenko I, Mitin D, Vinogradov A, Mukhin I, Cirlin G. Light-Emitting Diodes Based on InGaN/GaN Nanowires on Microsphere-Lithography-Patterned Si Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121993. [PMID: 35745332 PMCID: PMC9230727 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The direct integration of epitaxial III-V and III-N heterostructures on Si substrates is a promising platform for the development of optoelectronic devices. Nanowires, due to their unique geometry, allow for the direct synthesis of semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LED) on crystalline lattice-mismatched Si wafers. Here, we present molecular beam epitaxy of regular arrays n-GaN/i-InGaN/p-GaN heterostructured nanowires and tripods on Si/SiO2 substrates prepatterned with the use of cost-effective and rapid microsphere optical lithography. This approach provides the selective-area synthesis of the ordered nanowire arrays on large-area Si substrates. We experimentally show that the n-GaN NWs/n-Si interface demonstrates rectifying behavior and the fabricated n-GaN/i-InGaN/p-GaN NWs-based LEDs have electroluminescence in the broad spectral range, with a maximum near 500 nm, which can be employed for multicolor or white light screen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia Dvoretckaia
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.D.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Vladislav Gridchin
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.D.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Physics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey Mozharov
- Institute of Physics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alina Maksimova
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.D.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Dragunova
- Department of Physics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Kantemirovskaya 3/1 A, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Ivan Melnichenko
- Department of Physics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Kantemirovskaya 3/1 A, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (I.M.)
| | - Dmitry Mitin
- Department of Chemistry, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexandr Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ivan Mukhin
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.D.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (A.V.)
- Higher School of Engineering Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Georgy Cirlin
- Department of Physics, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.D.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Physics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Zagaglia L, Demontis V, Rossella F, Floris F. Particle swarm optimization of GaAs-AlGaAS nanowire photonic crystals as two-dimensional diffraction gratings for light trapping. NANO EXPRESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac61ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowire ordered arrays represent a class of bi-dimensional photonic crystals that can be engineered to obtain functional metamaterials. Here is proposed a novel approach, based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm, for using such a photonic crystal concept to design a semiconductor nanowire-based two-dimensional diffraction grating able to guarantee an in-plane coupling for light trapping. The method takes into account the experimental constraints associated to the bottom-up growth of nanowire arrays, by processing as input dataset all relevant geometrical and morphological features of the array, and returns as output the optimised set of parameters according to the desired electromagnetic functionality of the metamaterial. A case of study based on an array of tapered GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowire heterostructures is discussed.
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Amadi EV, Venkataraman A, Papadopoulos C. Nanoscale self-assembly: concepts, applications and challenges. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33. [PMID: 34874297 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3f54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly offers unique possibilities for fabricating nanostructures, with different morphologies and properties, typically from vapour or liquid phase precursors. Molecular units, nanoparticles, biological molecules and other discrete elements can spontaneously organise or form via interactions at the nanoscale. Currently, nanoscale self-assembly finds applications in a wide variety of areas including carbon nanomaterials and semiconductor nanowires, semiconductor heterojunctions and superlattices, the deposition of quantum dots, drug delivery, such as mRNA-based vaccines, and modern integrated circuits and nanoelectronics, to name a few. Recent advancements in drug delivery, silicon nanoelectronics, lasers and nanotechnology in general, owing to nanoscale self-assembly, coupled with its versatility, simplicity and scalability, have highlighted its importance and potential for fabricating more complex nanostructures with advanced functionalities in the future. This review aims to provide readers with concise information about the basic concepts of nanoscale self-assembly, its applications to date, and future outlook. First, an overview of various self-assembly techniques such as vapour deposition, colloidal growth, molecular self-assembly and directed self-assembly/hybrid approaches are discussed. Applications in diverse fields involving specific examples of nanoscale self-assembly then highlight the state of the art and finally, the future outlook for nanoscale self-assembly and potential for more complex nanomaterial assemblies in the future as technological functionality increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Anusha Venkataraman
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Vaquero D, Clericò V, Salvador-Sánchez J, Quereda J, Diez E, Pérez-Muñoz AM. Ionic-Liquid Gating in Two-Dimensional TMDs: The Operation Principles and Spectroscopic Capabilities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121576. [PMID: 34945426 PMCID: PMC8704478 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionic-liquid gating (ILG) is able to enhance carrier densities well above the achievable values in traditional field-effect transistors (FETs), revealing it to be a promising technique for exploring the electronic phases of materials in extreme doping regimes. Due to their chemical stability, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal candidates to produce ionic-liquid-gated FETs. Furthermore, as recently discovered, ILG can be used to obtain the band gap of two-dimensional semiconductors directly from the simple transfer characteristics. In this work, we present an overview of the operation principles of ionic liquid gating in TMD-based transistors, establishing the importance of the reference voltage to obtain hysteresis-free transfer characteristics, and hence, precisely determine the band gap. We produced ILG-based bilayer WSe2 FETs and demonstrated their ambipolar behavior. We estimated the band gap directly from the transfer characteristics, demonstrating the potential of ILG as a spectroscopy technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vaquero
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Vito Clericò
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Juan Salvador-Sánchez
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jorge Quereda
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Enrique Diez
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (A.M.P.-M.)
| | - Ana M. Pérez-Muñoz
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
- FIW Consulting S.L., Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 4 las Rozas, E-28232 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (A.M.P.-M.)
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