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Shmidt NM, Shabunina EI, Gushchina EV, Petrov VN, Eliseyev IA, Lebedev SP, Priobrazhenskii SI, Tanklevskaya EM, Puzyk MV, Roenkov AD, Usikov AS, Lebedev AA. Quality Assessment of Processed Graphene Chips for Biosensor Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5628. [PMID: 37629919 PMCID: PMC10456491 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The quality of graphene intended for use in biosensors was assessed on manufactured chips using a set of methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and low-frequency noise investigation. It is shown that local areas of residues on the graphene surface, formed as a result of the interaction of graphene with a photoresist at the initial stage of chip development, led to a spread of chip resistance (R) in the range of 1-10 kOhm and to an increase in the root mean square (RMS) roughness up to 10 times, which can significantly worsen the reproducibility of the parameters of graphene chips for biosensor applications. It was observed that the control of the photoresist residues after photolithography (PLG) using AFM and subsequent additional cleaning reduced the spread of R values in chips to 1-1.6 kOhm and obtained an RMS roughness similar to the roughness in the graphene film before PLG. Monitoring of the spectral density of low-frequency voltage fluctuation (SU), which provides integral information about the system of defects and quality of the material, makes it possible to identify chips with low graphene quality and with inhomogeneously distributed areas of compressive stresses by the type of frequency dependence SU(f).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Shmidt
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Evgeniya I. Shabunina
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Gushchina
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Vasiliy N. Petrov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Ilya A. Eliseyev
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Sergey P. Lebedev
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Sergei Iu. Priobrazhenskii
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Elena M. Tanklevskaya
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
| | - Mikhail V. Puzyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Lebedev
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.M.S.); (E.I.S.); (E.V.G.); (V.N.P.); (I.A.E.); (S.P.L.); (S.I.P.); (E.M.T.)
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Song P, Ou P, Wang Y, Yuan H, Duan S, Chen L, Fu H, Song J, Liu X. An ultrasensitive FET biosensor based on vertically aligned MoS 2 nanolayers with abundant surface active sites. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341036. [PMID: 36935147 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanolayers are one of the most promising two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials for constructing next-generation field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. In this article, we report an ultrasensitive FET biosensor that integrates a novel format of 2D MoS2, vertically-aligned MoS2 nanolayers (VAMNs), as the channel material for label-free detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The developed VAMNs-based FET biosensor shows two distinctive advantages. First, the VAMNs can be facilely grown using the conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, permitting easy fabrication and potential mass device production. Second, the unique advantage of the VAMNs for biosensor development lies in its abundant surface-exposed active edge sites that possess a high binding affinity with thiol-based linkers, which overcomes the challenge of molecule functionalization on the conventional planar MoS2 nanolayers. The high binding affinity between 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and the VAMNs was demonstrated through experimental surface characterization and theoretical calculations via density functional theory. The FET biosensor allows rapid (within 20 min) and ultrasensitive PSA detection in human serum with simple operations (limit of detection: 800 fg mL-1). This FET biosensor offers excellent features such as ultrahigh sensitivity, ease of fabrication, and short assay time, and thereby possesses significant potential for early-stage diagnosis of life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada; School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Pengfei Ou
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology-Shenzhen, 1 Pingshan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Longyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Gannon University, 109 University Square, Erie, PA, 16541, USA
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Huang BR, Hung SC, Ho YS, Chen YS, Yang WD. The Efficiency Study of Graphene Synthesis on Copper Substrate via Chemical Vapor Deposition Method with Methanol Precursor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13061136. [PMID: 36986030 PMCID: PMC10059143 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene was successfully synthesized on copper foil via chemical vapor deposition with methanol as a carbon source. This was confirmed by optical microscopy observation, Raman spectra measurement, I2D/IG ratio calculation, and 2D-FWHM value comparisons. Monolayer graphene was also found in similar standard procedures, but it required higher growth temperature and longer time periods. The cost-efficient growth conditions for few-layer graphene are thoroughly discussed via TEM observation and AFM measurement. In addition, it has been confirmed that the growth period can be shortened by increasing growth temperature. With the H2 gas flow rate fixed at 15 sccm, few-layer graphene was synthesized at the lower growth temperature of 700 °C in 30 min, and at 900 °C growth temperature in only 5 min. Successful growth was also achieved without adding hydrogen gas flow; this is probably because H2 can be induced from the decomposition of methanol. Through further defects study of few-layer graphene via TEM observation and AFM measurement, we tried to find possible ways for efficiency and quality management in graphene synthesis in industrial applications. Lastly, we investigated graphene formation after pre-treatment with different gas compositions, and found that gas selection is a crucial factor for a successful synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohr-Ran Huang
- Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chao Hung
- Fuzhou Polytechnic, Fuzhou University City, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Intelligent Technology Research Centre, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yung-Shou Ho
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siou Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wein-Duo Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Gabriunaite I, Valiuniene A, Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Biosensors Based on Bio-Functionalized Semiconducting Metal Oxides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:549-564. [PMID: 35714203 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2088226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of biomaterials is a very important task in the development of biofuel cells and biosensors. Some semiconducting metal-oxide-based supporting materials can be used in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this article, we are reviewing some functionalization methods that are applied for the immobilization of biomaterials. The most significant attention is paid to the immobilization of biomolecules on the surface of semiconducting metal oxides. The improvement of biomaterials immobilization on metal oxides and analytical performance of biosensors by coatings based on conducting polymers, self-assembled monolayers and lipid membranes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Gabriunaite
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Valiuniene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Electrochemical Material Science, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Electrochemical Material Science, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Walters F, Burwell G, Mitchell JJ, Ali MM, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Mostert AB, Jenkins CA, Rozhko S, Kazakova O, Guy OJ. A Rapid Graphene Sensor Platform for the Detection of Viral Proteins in Low Volume Samples. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Walters
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- SPTS Technologies Ltd, R&D and Product department Ringland Way Newport NP18 2TA UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - A. Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | | | - Sergiy Rozhko
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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