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Cao S, Ning J, He X, Wang T, Xu C, Chen M, Wang K, Zhou M, Jiang K. In Situ Plasma Polymerization of Self-Stabilized Polythiophene Enables Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes with Ultra-Long Cycle Life. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311204. [PMID: 38459801 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Constructing a flexible and chemically stable multifunctional layer for the lithium (Li) metal anodes is a highly effective approach to improve the uneven deposition of Li+ and suppress the dendrite growth. Herein, an organic protecting layer of polythiophene is in situ polymerized on the Li metal via plasma polymerization. Compared with the chemically polymerized thiophene (C-PTh), the plasma polymerized thiophene layer (P-PTh), with a higher Young's modulus of 8.1 GPa, shows strong structural stability due to the chemical binding of the polythiophene and Li. Moreover, the nucleophilic C─S bond of polythiophene facilitates the decomposition of Li salts in the electrolytes, promoting the formation of LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers. The synergetic effect of the rigid LiF as well as the flexible PTh-Li can effectively regulate the uniform Li deposition and suppress the growth of Li dendrites during the repeated stripping-plating, enabling the Li anodes with long-cycling lifespan over 8000 h (1 mA cm-2 , 1 mAh cm-2) and 2500 h (10 mA cm-2 , 10 mAh cm-2 ). Since the plasma polymerization is facile (5-20 min) and environmentally friendly (solvent-free), this work offers a novel and promising strategy for the construction of the forthcoming generation of high-energy-density batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Manlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kangli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Jung EY, Khalil S, Jang H, Suleiman HO, Kim JY, Shin BJ, Tae HS, Park CS. Improvement of Electrical Conductivity of In Situ Iodine-Doped Polypyrrole Film Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Reactor with Capillary Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:468. [PMID: 38470797 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
To improve the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole (PPy) nanostructure film through in situ iodine (I2) doping, this study proposes an atmospheric pressure plasma reactor (APPR) where heated I2 dopant vapor is fed through capillary electrodes that serve as electrodes for discharge ignition. A large amount of the heated I2 vapor introduced into the reactor separately from a monomer gas can be effectively activated by an intense plasma via capillary electrodes. In particular, intensive plasma is obtained by properly adjusting the bluff body position in the APPR. Based on the ICCD and OES results, the I2 vapor injected through the capillary nozzle electrode is observed to form I2 charge species. The formed I2 species could directly participate in growing in situ I2-doped PPy films. Thus, in situ I2-doped PPy nanostructure films grown using the proposed APPR exhibit higher thicknesses of 15.3 μm and good electrical conductivities, compared to the corresponding non-doped films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Salman Khalil
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeeb Olaitan Suleiman
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA
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Kim JY, Jang H, Lee YR, Kim K, Suleiman HO, Park CS, Shin BJ, Jung EY, Tae HS. Nanostructured Polyaniline Films Functionalized through Auxiliary Nitrogen Addition in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071626. [PMID: 37050242 PMCID: PMC10096981 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized from liquid aniline, a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, through the atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma process using a newly designed plasma jet array with wide spacing between plasma jets. To expand the area of the polymerized film, the newly proposed plasma jet array comprises three AP plasma jet devices spaced 7 mm apart in a triangular configuration and an electrodeless quartz tube capable of applying auxiliary gas in the center of the triangular plasma jets. The vaporized aniline monomer was synthesized into a PANI film using the proposed plasma array device. The effects of nitrogen gas addition on the morphological, chemical, and electrical properties of PANI films in AP argon plasma polymerization were examined. The iodine-doped PANI film was isolated from the atmosphere through encapsulation. The constant electrical resistance of the PANI film indicates that the conductive PANI film can achieve the desired resistance by controlling the atmospheric exposure time through encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeeb Olaitan Suleiman
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Kim JY, Jang HJ, Bae GT, Park CS, Jung EY, Tae HS. Improvement of Nanostructured Polythiophene Film Uniformity Using a Cruciform Electrode and Substrate Rotation in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 35009982 PMCID: PMC8746814 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization, increasing the effective volume of the plasma medium by expanding the plasma-generating region within the plasma reactor is considered a simple method to create regular and uniform polymer films. Here, we propose a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a cruciform wire electrode that can expand the discharge volume. Based on the plasma vessel configuration, which consists of a wide tube and a substrate stand, two tungsten wires crossed at 90 degrees are used as a common powered electrode in consideration of two-dimensional spatial expansion. In the wire electrode, which is partially covered by a glass capillary, discharge occurs at the boundary where the capillary terminates, so that the discharge region is divided into fourths along the cruciform electrode and the discharge volume can successfully expand. It is confirmed that although a discharge imbalance in the four regions of the AP plasma reactor can adversely affect the uniformity of the polymerized, nanostructured polymer film, rotating the substrate using a turntable can significantly improve the film uniformity. With this AP plasma reactor, nanostructured polythiophene (PTh) films are synthesized and the morphology and chemical properties of the PTh nanostructure, as well as the PTh-film uniformity and electrical properties, are investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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