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Zhou C, Wang P, Li J, Zhang Y, Bai J, Cui H, Liu G, Long M, Zhou B. Synergistic catalysis of TiO 2/WO 3 photoanode and Sb-SnO 2 electrode with highly efficient ClO• generation for urine treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134118. [PMID: 38547752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Urine is the major source of nitrogen pollutants in domestic sewage and is a neglected source of H2. Although ClO• is used to overcome the poor selectivity and slow kinetics of urea decomposition, the generation of ClO• suffers from the inefficient formation reaction of HO• and reactive chlorine species (RCS). In this study, a synergistic catalytic method based on TiO2/WO3 photoanode and Sb-SnO2 electrode efficiently producing ClO• is proposed for urine treatment. The critical design is that TiO2/WO3 photoanode and Sb-SnO2 electrode that generate HO• and RCS, respectively, are assembled in a confined space through face-to-face (TiO2/WO3//Sb-SnO2), which effectively strengthens the direct reaction of HO• and RCS. Furthermore, a Si solar panel as rear photovoltaic cell (Si PVC) is placed behind TiO2/WO3//Sb-SnO2 to fully use sunlight and provide the driving force of charge separation. The composite photoanode (TiO2/WO3//Sb-SnO2 @Si PVC) has a ClO• generation rate of 260% compared with the back-to-bake assembly way. In addition, the electrons transfer to the NiFe LDH@Cu NWs/CF cathode for rapid H2 production by the constructed photoelectric catalytic (PEC) cell without applied external biasing potential, in which the H2 production yield reaches 84.55 μmol h-1 with 25% improvement of the urine denitrification rate. The superior performance and long-term stability of PEC cell provide an effective and promising method for denitrification and H2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hanbo Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Geying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Gao X, Zhang S, Wang P, Jaroniec M, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ. Urea catalytic oxidation for energy and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1552-1591. [PMID: 38168798 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Urea is one of the most essential reactive nitrogen species in the nitrogen cycle and plays an indispensable role in the water-energy-food nexus. However, untreated urea or urine wastewater causes severe environmental pollution and threatens human health. Electrocatalytic and photo(electro)catalytic urea oxidation technologies under mild conditions have become promising methods for energy recovery and environmental remediation. An in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms of the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is important to design efficient electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts for these technologies. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advances in the UOR by means of both electrocatalysis and photo(electro)catalysis, aiming to comprehensively assess this emerging field from fundamentals and materials, to practical applications. The emphasis of this review is on the design and development strategies for electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts based on reaction pathways. Meanwhile, the UOR in natural urine is discussed, focusing on the influence of impurity ions. A particular emphasis is placed on the application of the UOR in energy and environmental fields, such as hydrogen production by urea electrolysis, urea fuel cells, and urea/urine wastewater remediation. Finally, future directions, prospects, and remaining challenges are discussed for this emerging research field. This critical review significantly increases the understanding of current progress in urea conversion and the development of a sustainable nitrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Pengtang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Jiang P, Zhou T, Bai J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou C, Zhou B. Nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells for total nitrogen removal and energy recovery based on Cl•/ClO• oxidation of ammonia nitrogen. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119914. [PMID: 37028212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The excess nitrogen discharge into water bodies has resulted in extensive water pollution and human health risks, which has become a critical global issue. Moreover, nitrogenous wastewater contains considerable chemical energy contributed by organic pollutants and nitrogenous compounds. Therefore, the treatment of various kinds of nitrogen-containing wastewater for nitrogen removal and energy recovery is of significance. Biological methode and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the main methods for nitrogen removal. However, biological treatment is easily inhibited by high-salinity, high ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N/NH4+-N), nitrite and toxic organics in wastewater, which limits its application. AOPs mainly induce in situ generation of highly reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•), sulfate radical (SO4•-) and chlorine radicals (Cl•, ClO•, Cl2•-), for nitrogen removal. Nevertheless, HO• shows low reactivity and N2 selectivity towards NH3-N/NH4+-N oxidation, and SO4•- also demonstrates unsatisfactory NH3-N/NH4+-N removal. It has been shown that Cl•/ClO• can efficiently remove NH3-N/NH4+-N with high N2 selectivity. The generation of Cl•/ClO• can be triggered by various techniques, among which the PEC technique shows great potential due to its higher efficiency for Cl•/ClO• generation and eco-friendly approach for pollutants degradation and energy recovery by utilizing solar energy. Cl•/ClO• oxidation of NH3-N/NH4+-N and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) reduction can be strengthened through the design of photoanode and cathode materials, respectively. Coupling with this two pathways, an exhaustive total nitrogen (TN) removal system is designed for complete TN removal. When introducing the mechanism into photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs), the concept of nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells (NFCs) is proposed to treat several typical types of nitrogen-containing wastewater, achieving high-efficiency TN removal, organics degradation, toxic chlorate control, and energy recovery simultaneously. Recent research progress in this field is reviewed, summarized and discussed, and in-depth perspectives are proposed, providing new ideas for the resource treatment of nitrogen-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Tingsheng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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