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Khanmohammadi S, Kushnir Friedman K, Chen E, Kastuar SM, Ekuma CE, Koski KJ, Titova LV. Tailoring Ultrafast Near-Band Gap Photoconductive Response in GeS by Zero-Valent Cu Intercalation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16445-16452. [PMID: 38528798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Zero-valent intercalation of atomic metals into the van der Waals gap of layered materials can be used to tune their electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Here, we report the impact of intercalating ∼3 atm percent of zero-valent copper into germanium sulfide (GeS). Advanced many-body calculations predict that copper introduces quasi-localized intermediate band states, and time-resolved THz spectroscopy studies demonstrate that those states have prominent effects on the photoconductivity of GeS. Cu-intercalated GeS exhibits a faster rise of transient photoconductivity and a shorter lifetime of optically injected carriers following near-gap excitation with 800 nm pulses. At the same time, Cu intercalation improves free carrier mobility from 1100 to 1300 cm2 V-1 s-1, which we attribute to the damping of acoustic phonons observed in Brillouin scattering and consequent reduction of phonon scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khanmohammadi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Kateryna Kushnir Friedman
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Ethan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Srihari M Kastuar
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Chinedu E Ekuma
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Kristie J Koski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lyubov V Titova
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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Arfaoui M, Zawadzka N, Ayari S, Chen Z, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Babiński A, Koperski M, Jaziri S, Molas MR. Optical properties of orthorhombic germanium sulfide: unveiling the anisotropic nature of Wannier excitons. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17014-17028. [PMID: 37843442 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
To fully explore exciton-based applications and improve their performance, it is essential to understand the exciton behavior in anisotropic materials. Here, we investigate the optical properties of anisotropic excitons in GeS encapsulated by h-BN using different approaches that combine polarization- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, ab initio calculations, and effective mass approximation (EMA). Using the Bethe-Salpeter Equation (BSE) method, we found that the optical absorption spectra in GeS are significantly affected by the Coulomb interaction included in the BSE method, which shows the importance of excitonic effects besides it exhibits a significant dependence on the direction of polarization, revealing the anisotropic nature of bulk GeS. By combining ab initio calculations and EMA methods, we investigated the quasi-hydrogenic exciton states and oscillator strength (OS) of GeS along the zigzag and armchair axes. We found that the anisotropy induces lifting of the degeneracy and mixing of the excitonic states in GeS, which results in highly non-hydrogenic features. A very good agreement with the experiment is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Arfaoui
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Natalia Zawadzka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sabrine Ayari
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Material, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Adam Babiński
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Material, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Sihem Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Maciej R Molas
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Antoniazzi I, Zawadzka N, Grzeszczyk M, Woźniak T, Ibáñez J, Muhammad Z, Zhao W, Molas MR, Babiński A. The effect of temperature and excitation energy on Raman scattering in bulkHfS2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:305401. [PMID: 37072005 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acce18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering (RS) in bulk hafnium disulfide (HfS2) is investigated as a function of temperature (5 K - 350 K) with polarization resolution and excitation of several laser energies. An unexpected temperature dependence of the energies of the main Raman-active (A1gand Eg) modes with the temperature-induced blueshift in the low-temperature limit is observed. The low-temperature quenching of a modeω1(134 cm-1) and the emergence of a new mode at approx. 184 cm-1, labeledZ, is reported. The optical anisotropy of the RS inHfS2is also reported, which is highly susceptible to the excitation energy. The apparent quenching of the A1gmode atT = 5 K and of the Egmode atT= 300 K in the RS spectrum excited with 3.06 eV excitation is also observed. We discuss the results in the context of possible resonant character of light-phonon interactions. Analyzed is also a possible effect of the iodine molecules intercalated in the van der Waals gaps between neighboringHfS2layers, which inevitably result from the growth procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Antoniazzi
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Zawadzka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Grzeszczyk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Woźniak
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jordi Ibáñez
- Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN), CSIC, Lluís Solé i Sabarís s.n. 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zahir Muhammad
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Zhao
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Maciej R Molas
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Babiński
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Jadczak J, Andrzejewski J, Debus J, Ho CH, Bryja L. Resonant Exciton Scattering Reveals Raman Forbidden Phonon Modes in Layered GeS. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3986-3994. [PMID: 37083310 PMCID: PMC10165653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Germanium monosulfide with an anisotropic puckered crystalline structure has recently attracted much attention due to its unique optical and electronic properties; however, exciton-phonon interactions were only superficially elucidated. We study the resonant Raman scattering and the photoluminescence of the optically active Γ-exciton in layered GeS flakes and evaluate the exciton and phonon responses on variations in the excitation energy, laser-light and emission polarizations, temperature, and laser power. A double-resonance mechanism allows for observing Raman forbidden (dark) first- and second-order longitudinal-optical phonon modes whose symmetries and energies are moreover calculated by density functional perturbation theory. For (quasi)-resonant exciton excitation, the selection rules become relaxed so that a fourth-order Fröhlich intraband process is mediated by the scattering of the electron with a longitudinal-optical and an acoustic phonon. Our results demonstrate considerable coupling between phonons and photogenerated carriers in GeS flakes and the high efficiency of multiorder scattering in optical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jadczak
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Andrzejewski
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joerg Debus
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ching-Hwa Ho
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Leszek Bryja
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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