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Barrera G, Allia P, Tiberto P. Magnetic nanoparticles in square-wave fields for breakthrough performance in hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10704. [PMID: 38730042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Driving immobilized, single-domain magnetic nanoparticles at high frequency by square wave fields instead of sinusoidal waveforms leads to qualitative and quantitative improvements in their performance both as point-like heat sources for magnetic hyperthermia and as sensing elements in frequency-resolved techniques such as magnetic particle imaging and magnetic particle spectroscopy. The time evolution and the frequency spectrum of the cyclic magnetization of magnetite nanoparticles with random easy axes are obtained by means of a rate-equation method able to describe time-dependent effects for the particle sizes and frequencies of interest in most applications to biomedicine. In the presence of a high-frequency square-wave field, the rate equations are shown to admit an analytical solution and the periodic magnetization can be therefore described with accuracy, allowing one to single out effects which take place on different timescales. Magnetic hysteresis effects arising from the specific features of the square-wave driving field results in a breakthrough improvement of both the magnetic power released as heat to an environment in magnetic hyperthermia treatments and the magnitude of the third harmonic of the frequency spectrum of the magnetization, which plays a central role in magnetic particle imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Barrera
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences, Turin, Italy.
| | - Paolo Allia
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences, Turin, Italy
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Souiade L, Domingo-Diez J, Alcaide C, Gámez B, Gámez L, Ramos M, Serrano Olmedo JJ. Improving the Efficacy of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia Using Trapezoidal Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields as an In Vitro Anticancer Treatment in Melanoma and Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15933. [PMID: 37958913 PMCID: PMC10648011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is an oncological therapy that uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to generate localized heat under a low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF). Recently, trapezoidal pulsed alternating magnetic fields (TPAMFs) have proven their efficacy in enhancing the efficiency of heating in MHT as compared to the sinusoidal one. Our study aims to compare the TPAMF waveform's killing effect against the sinusoidal waveform in B16F10 and CT2A cell lines to determine more efficient waveforms in causing cell death. For that purpose, we used MNPs and different AMF waveforms: trapezoidal (TP), almost-square (TS), triangular (TR), and sinusoidal signal (SN). MNPs at 1 and 4 mg/mL did not affect cell viability during treatment. The exposition of B16F10 and CT2A cells to only AMF showed nonsignificant mortality. Hence, the synergetic effect of the AMF and MNPs causes the observed cell death. Among the explored cases, the nonharmonic signals demonstrated better efficacy than the SN one as an MHT treatment. This study has revealed that the application of TP, TS, or TR waveforms is more efficient and has considerable capability to increase cancer cell death compared to the traditional sinusoidal treatment. Overall, we can conclude that the application of nonharmonic signals enhances MHT treatment efficiency against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Souiade
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.D.-D.); (C.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Javier Domingo-Diez
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.D.-D.); (C.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Cesar Alcaide
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.D.-D.); (C.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Berta Gámez
- Escula Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Linarejos Gámez
- Escula Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Milagros Ramos
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.D.-D.); (C.A.); (M.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Serrano Olmedo
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.D.-D.); (C.A.); (M.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ogbezode JE, Ezealigo US, Bello A, Anye VC, Onwualu AP. A narrative review of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:125. [PMID: 37815643 PMCID: PMC10564704 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The significance of green synthesized nanomaterials with a uniform shape, reduced sizes, superior mechanical capabilities, phase microstructure, magnetic behavior, and superior performance cannot be overemphasized. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are found within the size range of 1-100 nm in nanomaterials and have a diverse range of applications in fields such as biomedicine, wastewater purification, and environmental remediation. Nevertheless, the understanding of their fundamental material composition, chemical reactions, toxicological properties, and research methodologies is constrained and extensively elucidated during their practical implementation. The importance of producing IONPs using advanced nanofabrication techniques that exhibit strong potential for disease therapy, microbial pathogen control, and elimination of cancer cells is underscored by the adoption of the green synthesis approach. These IONPs can serve as viable alternatives for soil remediation and the elimination of environmental contaminants. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the research conducted on different types of IONPs and IONP composite-based materials. It examines the synthesis methods and characterization techniques employed in these studies and also addresses the obstacles encountered in prior investigations with comparable objectives. A green engineering strategy was proposed for the synthesis, characterization, and application of IONPs and their composites with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, the influence of their phase structure, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, milling time, nanoparticle size, and shape was also discussed. The study proposes the use of biological and physicochemical methods as a more viable alternative nanofabrication strategy that can mitigate the limitations imposed by the conventional methods of IONP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ekhebume Ogbezode
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edo State University Uzairue, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria.
| | - Ucheckukwu Stella Ezealigo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdulhakeem Bello
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Centre for Cyber-Physical Food, Energy and Water System (CCP-FEWS), Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Vitalis Chioh Anye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Azikiwe Peter Onwualu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
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Karimi S, Tabatabaei SN, Novin MG, Kazemi M, Mofarahe ZS, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A. Nanowarming improves survival of vitrified ovarian tissue and follicular development in a sheep model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18828. [PMID: 37636467 PMCID: PMC10448434 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue cryopreservation has allowed long term banking of biomaterials in medicine. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in particular helps patients by extending their fertility window. However, protection against tissue injury during the thawing process has proven to be challenging. This is mainly due to the heterogenous and slow distribution of the thermal energy across the vitrified tissue during a conventional warming process. Nanowarming is a technique that utilizes hyperthermia of magnetic nanoparticles to accelerate this process. Herein, hyperthermia of synthesized PEGylated silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles was used to deter the injury of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a sheep model. When compared to the conventional technique, our findings suggest that follicular development and gene expression in tissues warmed by the proposed technique have been improved. In addition, Nanowarming prevented cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress. We therefore conclude that Nanowarming is a potential complementary candidate to increase efficiency in the ovarian cryopreservation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Karimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seyed Nasrollah Tabatabaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Marefat Ghaffari Novin
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kazemi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shams Mofarahe
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mamun A, Sabantina L. Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats for Magnetic Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment Applications-Technology, Mechanism, and Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081902. [PMID: 37112049 PMCID: PMC10143376 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer patients is rapidly increasing worldwide. Among the leading causes of human death, cancer can be regarded as one of the major threats to humans. Although many new cancer treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical methods are nowadays being developed and used for testing purposes, results show limited efficiency and high toxicity, even if they have the potential to damage cancer cells in the process. In contrast, magnetic hyperthermia is a field that originated from the use of magnetic nanomaterials, which, due to their magnetic properties and other characteristics, are used in many clinical trials as one of the solutions for cancer treatment. Magnetic nanomaterials can increase the temperature of nanoparticles located in tumor tissue by applying an alternating magnetic field. A very simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method is the fabrication of various types of functional nanostructures by adding magnetic additives to the spinning solution in the electrospinning process, which can overcome the limitations of this challenging treatment process. Here, we review recently developed electrospun magnetic nanofiber mats and magnetic nanomaterials that support magnetic hyperthermia therapy, targeted drug delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and techniques for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group "Nanomaterials", Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Faculty of Clothing Technology and Garment Engineering, HTW-Berlin University of Applied Sciences, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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Shivanna AT, Dash BS, Chen JP. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Alternating Magnetic Field- or Near Infrared Light-Induced Cancer Therapies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081279. [PMID: 36014201 PMCID: PMC9413965 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The multi-faceted nature of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (fMNPs) is well-suited for cancer therapy. These nanocomposites can also provide a multimodal platform for targeted cancer therapy due to their unique magnetic guidance characteristics. When induced by an alternating magnetic field (AMF), fMNPs can convert the magnetostatic energy to heat for magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), as well as for controlled drug release. Furthermore, with the ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy to heat energy, fMNPs have attracted interest for photothermal therapy (PTT). Other than MHT and PTT, fMNPs also have a place in combination cancer therapies, such as chemo-MHT, chemo-PTT, and chemo-PTT-photodynamic therapy, among others, due to their versatile properties. Thus, this review presents multifunctional nanocomposites based on fMNPs for cancer therapies, induced by an AMF or NIR light. We will first discuss the different fMNPs induced with an AMF for cancer MHT and chemo-MHT. Secondly, we will discuss fMNPs irradiated with NIR lasers for cancer PTT and chemo-PTT. Finally, fMNPs used for dual-mode AMF + NIR-laser-induced magneto-photo-hyperthermia (MPHT) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banendu Sunder Dash
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800
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Yun WS, Park JH, Lim DK, Ahn CH, Sun IC, Kim K. How Did Conventional Nanoparticle-Mediated Photothermal Therapy Become "Hot" in Combination with Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082044. [PMID: 35454950 PMCID: PMC9029053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Photothermal therapy (PTT) has become effective through the development of nanoparticle-based photoabsorbers with various functions, such as targeting properties, high light-to-heat conversion, and photostability. Conventional nanoparticle-mediated PTT has attained localized efficiency in cancer treatment by heat-induced apoptosis or necrosis of cancer cells. Currently, such treatment methods evolve into cancer immunotherapy through the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Damage-associated molecular patterns from dead cells by nanoparticle-mediated PTT activate immune cells for systemic anti-cancer effect. In this review, we investigate various nanoparticle-based PTT and compare its methodology to clarify how it undergoes a transition from thermotherapy to immunotherapy. Abstract One of the promising cancer treatment methods is photothermal therapy (PTT), which has achieved good therapeutic efficiency through nanoparticle-based photoabsorbers. Because of the various functions of nanoparticles, such as targeting properties, high light-to-heat conversion, and photostability, nanoparticle-mediated PTT successfully induces photothermal damage in tumor tissues with minimal side effects on surrounding healthy tissues. The therapeutic efficacy of PTT originates from cell membrane disruption, protein denaturation, and DNA damage by light-induced heat, but these biological impacts only influence localized tumor areas. This conventional nanoparticle-mediated PTT still attracts attention as a novel cancer immunotherapy, because PTT causes immune responses against cancer. PTT-induced immunogenic cell death activates immune cells for systemic anti-cancer effect. Additionally, the excellent compatibility of PTT with other treatment methods (e.g., chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy) reinforces the therapeutic efficacy of PTT as combined immunotherapy. In this review, we investigate various PTT agents of nanoparticles and compare their applications to reveal how nanoparticle-mediated PTT undergoes a transition from thermotherapy to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Su Yun
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.S.Y.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- NanoBio Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (C.-H.A.)
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.S.Y.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Cheol-Hee Ahn
- NanoBio Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (C.-H.A.)
| | - In-Cheol Sun
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-C.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Korea; (W.S.Y.); (D.-K.L.)
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-C.S.); (K.K.)
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Numerical Simulation of Temperature Variations during the Application of Safety Protocols in Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030554. [PMID: 35159900 PMCID: PMC8839068 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Unavoidably, magnetic particle hyperthermia is limited by the unwanted heating of the neighboring healthy tissues, due to the generation of eddy currents. Eddy currents naturally occur, due to the applied alternating magnetic field, which is used to excite the nanoparticles in the tumor and, therefore, restrict treatment efficiency in clinical application. In this work, we present two simply applicable methods for reducing the heating of healthy tissues by simultaneously keeping the heating of cancer tissue, due to magnetic nanoparticles, at an adequate level. The first method involves moving the induction coil relative to the phantom tissue during the exposure. More specifically, the coil is moving symmetrically—left and right relative to the specimen—in a bidirectional fashion. In this case, the impact of the maximum distance (2–8 cm) between the coil and the phantom is investigated. In the second method, the magnetic field is applied intermittently (in an ON/OFF pulsed mode), instead of the continuous field mode usually employed. The parameters of the intermittent field mode, such as the time intervals (ON time and OFF time) and field amplitude, are optimized based on the numerical assessment of temperature increase in healthy tissue and cancer tissue phantoms. Different ON and OFF times were tested in the range of 25–100 s and 50–200 s, respectively, and under variable field amplitudes (45–70 mT). In all the protocols studied here, the main goal is to generate inside the cancer tissue phantom the maximum temperature increase, possible (preferably within the magnetic hyperthermia window of 4–8 °C), while restricting the temperature increase in the healthy tissue phantom to below 4 °C, signifying eddy current mitigation.
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Kulpa-Greszta M, Tomaszewska A, Michalicha A, Sikora D, Dziedzic A, Wojnarowska-Nowak R, Belcarz A, Pązik R. Alternating magnetic field and NIR energy conversion on magneto-plasmonic Fe 3O 4@APTES–Ag heterostructures with SERS detection capability and antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27396-27410. [PMID: 36276011 PMCID: PMC9513694 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe3O4@APTES–Ag is a potential multipurpose platform for biological applications such as photomagnetic therapies, analytic probes exploiting the SERS effect and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulpa-Greszta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Tomaszewska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalicha
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Sikora
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dziedzic
- Department of Spectroscopy and Materials, Institute of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Renata Wojnarowska-Nowak
- Institute of Material Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Belcarz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Pązik
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
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