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Matijaković Mlinarić N, Wawrzaszek B, Kowalska K, Selmani A, Učakar A, Vidmar J, Kušter M, Van de Velde N, Trebše P, Sever Škapin A, Jerman I, Abram A, Zore A, Roblegg E, Bohinc K. Poly(Allylamine Hydrochloride) and ZnO Nanohybrid Coating for the Development of Hydrophobic, Antibacterial, and Biocompatible Textiles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:570. [PMID: 38607105 PMCID: PMC11013899 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In healthcare facilities, infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from textile materials are a cause for concern, and nanomaterials are one of the solutions; however, their impact on safety and biocompatibility with the human body must not be neglected. This study aimed to develop a novel multilayer coating with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and immobilized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to make efficient antibacterial and biocompatible cotton, polyester, and nylon textiles. For this purpose, the coated textiles were characterized with profilometry, contact angles, and electrokinetic analyzer measurements. The ZnO NPs on the textiles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The antibacterial tests were conducted with S. aureus and biocompatibility with immortalized human keratinocyte cells. The results demonstrated successful PAH/ZnO coating formation on the textiles, demonstrating weak hydrophobic properties. Furthermore, PAH multilayers caused complete ZnO NP immobilization on the coated textiles. All coated textiles showed strong growth inhibition (2-3-log reduction) in planktonic and adhered S. aureus cells. The bacterial viability was reduced by more than 99%. Cotton, due to its better ZnO NP adherence, demonstrated a slightly higher antibacterial performance than polyester and nylon. The coating procedure enables the binding of ZnO NPs in an amount (<30 µg cm-2) that, after complete dissolution, is significantly below the concentration causing cytotoxicity (10 µg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Matijaković Mlinarić
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena Pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.M.); (P.T.); (A.Z.)
| | - Barbara Wawrzaszek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Maria Curie-Skłodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (B.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Klaudia Kowalska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Maria Curie-Skłodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (B.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Atiđa Selmani
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Aleksander Učakar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.U.); (J.V.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.U.); (J.V.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Monika Kušter
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.U.); (J.V.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Nigel Van de Velde
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova Ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (I.J.)
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena Pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.M.); (P.T.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrijana Sever Škapin
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimčeva Ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Polymer Technology—FTPO, Ozare 19, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova Ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (I.J.)
| | - Anže Abram
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.U.); (J.V.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Anamarija Zore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena Pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.M.); (P.T.); (A.Z.)
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena Pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.M.); (P.T.); (A.Z.)
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Li Y, Lu Y, Li J, Li M, Gou H, Sun X, Xu X, Song B, Li Z, Ma Y. Screening of low-toxic zinc oxide nanomaterials and study the apoptosis mechanism of NSC-34 cells. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300443. [PMID: 38403432 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO-NMts) in the biomedical field, it is crucial to assess their potential risks to humans and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to screen for ZnO-NMts with low toxicity and establish safe exposure limits, and investigate their mechanisms of action. The study synthesized 0D ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and 3D ZnO nanoflowers (ZnO Nfs) with different morphologies using a hydrothermal approach for comparative research. The ZnO-NMts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mouse brain neuronal cells (NSC-34) were incubated with ZnO NMts for 6, 12, and 24 h, and the cell morphology was observed using TEM. The toxic effects of ZnO Nfs on NSC-34 cells were studied using CCK-8 cell viability detection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, caspase-3 activity detection, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm) measurement. The results of the research showed that ZnO-NMts caused cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis. After incubating cells with 12.5 µg mL-1 ZnO-NMts for 12 h, ZnO NRfs exhibited the least toxicity and ROS levels. Additionally, there was a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm), and the highest rate of early apoptosis.This study successfully identified ZnO NRfs with the lowest toxicity and determined the safe exposure limit to be < 12.5 µg mL-1 (12 h). These findings will contribute to the clinical use of ZnO NRfs with low toxicity and provide a foundation for further research on their potential applications in brain disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huitian Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Beibei Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yonghua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Li Y, Li J, Li M, Sun J, Shang X, Ma Y. Biological mechanism of ZnO nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:107-117. [PMID: 37518903 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Modern nanotechnology has made zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO NMts) multifunctional, stable, and low cost, enabling them to be widely used in commercial and biomedical fields. With its wide application, the risk of human direct contact and their release into the environment also increases. This review aims to summarize the toxicity studies of ZnO NMts in vivo, including neurotoxicity, inhalation toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. The antibacterial and antiviral mechanisms of ZnO NMts in vitro and the toxicity to eukaryotic cells were summarized. The summary found that it was mainly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress. It also discusses the potential harm to body and the favorable prospects of the widespread use of antibacterial and antiviral in the future medical field. The review also emphasizes that the dosage and use method of ZnO NMts will be the focus of future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiwen Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
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