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Yu Y, Hu Y, Song X, Chen J, Kang J, Cao Y, Xiang M. Investigation on Nanocomposites of Polysulfone and Different Ratios of Graphene Oxide with Structural Defects Repaired by Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3821. [PMID: 37765675 PMCID: PMC10536655 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, nanofillers of graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) with different weight ratios (G/C ratios), named GC 2:1, GC 4:1, GC 8:1, GC 16:1, and GC 32:1, were successfully prepared. Characterization methods such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed. Additionally, the effects of these samples on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and gas barrier properties of polysulfone (PSF) nanocomposites were investigated. A hydrophilic interaction took place between CNC and GO; as a consequence, CNCs were modified on the surface of GO, thus repairing the structural defects of GO. With the increase in G/C ratios, the repair effect of insufficient CNCs on the defects of GO decreased. The G/C ratio had a great influence on the improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, and gas barrier properties of nanocomposites. Compared with PSF/GC 2:1 and PSF/GC 32:1, the differences in the growth rates of tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were 30.0%, 39.4%, and 15.9%, respectively; the difference in Td 3% was 7 °C; the difference in decline rate of O2 permeability was 40.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China (J.C.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Explosion Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Xiuduo Song
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Explosion Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Jinyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China (J.C.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China (J.C.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China (J.C.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China (J.C.); (Y.C.); (M.X.)
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Sun H, Liu W, Ren J, Wu C, Xing F, Liu W, Ling L. Degradation of the Three-Phase Boundary Zone of Carbon Fiber Anodes in an Electrochemical System. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26359-26368. [PMID: 37521621 PMCID: PMC10372936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical recycling nanoarchitectonics of graphene oxide from carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) is a promising approach due to its economic and environmental benefits. However, the rapid degradation of the CFRP anode during the recycling process reduces its overall efficiency. Although previous studies have investigated the electrochemical oxidation of carbon fibers (CFs) and bonding of CFs to the matrix, few researchers have explicitly studied the electrochemical activity of CFs and the possible fracture caused by strong electrochemical reactions. To address this gap, this study investigates the degradation mechanism of CF anodes by analyzing changes in overall mechanical properties, hardness, elastic modulus, functional groups, and elemental composition of individual fibers. The experimental results demonstrate that the three-phase boundary region experiences the most severe degradation, primarily due to the number of oxygen-containing functional groups, which is the most important factor affecting the degree of degradation. This continuous decrease in the hardness and elastic modulus of individual fibers eventually leads to the fracture of CF anodes.
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El Meragawi S, Cooray D, Majumder M. Improvement of the chlorine resistance of graphene oxide membranes through siloxane cross-linking. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally El Meragawi
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dilusha Cooray
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mainak Majumder
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Epoxy Compositions with Reduced Flammability Based on DER-354 Resin and a Curing Agent Containing Aminophosphazenes Synthesized in Bulk Isophoronediamine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173592. [PMID: 36080667 PMCID: PMC9460727 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of an amine-containing epoxy resin curing agent by dissolving hexakis-[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene in an excess of isophoronediamine was developed. The curing agent was characterized via NMR and IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and its rheological characteristics were studied. Compositions based on DER-354 epoxy resin and the synthesized curing agent with different amounts of phosphazene content were obtained. The rheological characteristics of these compositions were studied, followed by their curing. An improvement in several thermal (DSC), mechanical (compression, tension, and adhesion), and physicochemical (water absorption and water solubility) characteristics, as well as the fire resistance of the obtained materials modified with phosphazene, was observed, compared with unmodified samples. In particular, there was an improvement in adhesive characteristics and fire resistance. Thus, compositions based on a curing agent containing a 30% modifier were shown to fulfill the V-1 fire resistance category. The developed compositions can be processed by contact molding, winding, and resin transfer molding (RTM), and the resulting material is suitable for use in aircraft, automotive products, design applications, and home repairs.
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Cai R, Zhao J, Lv N, Fu A, Yin C, Song C, Chao M. Curing and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of MXene/Phenolic Epoxy Composites with Different Amine Curing Agent Systems. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132249. [PMID: 35808085 PMCID: PMC9268527 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the curing kinetics and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of MXene/phenolic epoxy composites with two curing agents, i.e., 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) and dicyandiamine (DICY), are systematically investigated using experimental characterization, mathematical modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of MXene content on an epoxy resin/amine curing agent system is also studied. These results reveal that the MXene/epoxy composites with both curing agent systems conform to the SB(m,n) two-parameter autocatalytic model. The addition of MXene accelerated the curing of the epoxy composite and increased the Tg by about 20 K. In addition, molecular dynamics were used to simulate the Tg of the cross-linked MXene/epoxy composites and to analyze microstructural features such as the free volume fraction (FFV). The simulation results show that the introduction of MXene improves the Tg and FFV of the simulated system. This is because the introduction of MXene restricts the movement of the epoxy/curing agent system. The conclusions are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Jinlong Zhao
- Petrochina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan 063004, China;
| | - Naixin Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Anqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chengxian Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chengjun Song
- Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China;
| | - Min Chao
- Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.)
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Ma Y, Chen Y, Li F, Xu Y, Xu W, Zhao Y, Guo H, Li Y, Yang Z, Xu Y. Effect of Fiber Mass Fraction on Microstructure and Properties of 2D CF-GO/EP Composite Prepared by VIHPS. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071184. [PMID: 35407302 PMCID: PMC9000562 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is often used to improve interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy resin (CF/EP) composites. It is still a challenge to improve the toughness while maintaining the in-layer properties. In this study, 2D graphene oxide carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix (2D CF-GO/EP) composites were prepared by a vacuum infiltration hot-press forming experimental system (VIHPS), and three-point flexural and end notch flexural (ENF) tests were carried out. With the increase of the fiber mass fraction in the composites, the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (GIIC) layers decrease gradually, and the bond property between the fiber and matrix interface layer becomes worse, because the accumulation of dense fiber bundles reduces the matrix penetration ability of cracks. However, the flexural properties increased first and then decreased, and reached the best flexural properties at 64.9%. When the fiber mass fraction is too high, the interlamellar bonding properties will decrease, and the fiber bundles will compress and affect each other. The delamination phenomenon will occur between the layers of the composites, which affects the overall bearing strength and stress limit of the composites. The results of the study show that the composites prepared by VIHPS have excellent mechanical properties, and the content of carbon fiber plays an important role in the influencing factors of the interlaminar and in-layer properties of composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-29-8820-3115 (Y.M.)
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fei Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiren Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-29-8820-3115 (Y.M.)
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yatao Zhao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Haiyin Guo
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yatao Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zedu Yang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.C.); (F.L.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.X.)
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