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Yazdani S, Mozaffarian M, Pazuki G, Hadidi N, Villate-Beitia I, Zárate J, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Emerging Materials for Gene Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38399344 PMCID: PMC10891563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapeutics are promising for treating diseases at the genetic level, with some already validated for clinical use. Recently, nanostructures have emerged for the targeted delivery of genetic material. Nanomaterials, exhibiting advantageous properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, facile functionalization, substantial loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical characteristics, are recognized as non-viral vectors in gene therapy applications. Despite progress, current non-viral vectors exhibit notably low gene delivery efficiency. Progress in nanotechnology is essential to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Specific nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and similar carbon-based structures can accommodate diverse genetic materials such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). To address challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency, advancements in the features of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNs) are imperative. This overview delves into three types of CBNs employed as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, encompassing their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. Ultimately, we present insights into the opportunities and challenges within the captivating realm of gene delivery using CBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yazdani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Mehrdad Mozaffarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Gholamreza Pazuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran P.O. Box 131694-3551, Iran;
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jon Zárate
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Miliaieva D, Djoumessi AS, Čermák J, Kolářová K, Schaal M, Otto F, Shagieva E, Romanyuk O, Pangrác J, Kuliček J, Nádaždy V, Stehlík Š, Kromka A, Hoppe H, Rezek B. Absolute energy levels in nanodiamonds of different origins and surface chemistries. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4402-4414. [PMID: 37638158 PMCID: PMC10448352 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are versatile, broadly available nanomaterials with a set of features highly attractive for applications from biology over energy harvesting to quantum technologies. Via synthesis and surface chemistry, NDs can be tuned from the sub-micron to the single-digit size, from conductive to insulating, from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and from positively to negatively charged surface by simple annealing processes. Such ND diversity makes it difficult to understand and take advantage of their electronic properties. Here we present a systematic correlated study of structural and electronic properties of NDs with different origins and surface terminations. The absolute energy level diagrams are obtained by the combination of optical (UV-vis) and photoelectron (UPS) spectroscopies, Kelvin probe measurements, and energy-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ER-EIS). The energy levels and density of states in the bandgap of NDs are correlated with the surface chemistry and structure characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. We show profound differences in energy band shifts (by up to 3 eV), Fermi level position (from p-type to n-type), electron affinity (from +0.5 eV to -2.2 eV), optical band gap (5.2 eV to 5.5 eV), band gap states (tail or mid-gap), and electrical conductivity depending on the high-pressure, high-temperature and detonation origin of NDs as well as on the effects of NDs' oxidation, hydrogenation, sp2/sp3 carbon phases and surface adsorbates. These data are fundamental for understanding and designing NDs' optoelectrochemical functional mechanisms in diverse application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Miliaieva
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague 166 27 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Aurelien Sokeng Djoumessi
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jan Čermák
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kolářová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Maximilian Schaal
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 5 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Felix Otto
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 5 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shagieva
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Olexandr Romanyuk
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pangrác
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuliček
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague 166 27 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Nádaždy
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 845 11 Bratislava Slovak Republic
- Centre for Advanced Material Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 845 11 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Štěpán Stehlík
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
- New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8 306 14 Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Harald Hoppe
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague 166 27 Prague Czech Republic
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Popov M, Khorobrykh F, Klimin S, Churkin V, Ovsyannikov D, Kvashnin A. Surface Tamm States of 2-5 nm Nanodiamond via Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:696. [PMID: 36839063 PMCID: PMC9960452 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We observed resonance effects in the Raman scattering of nanodiamonds with an average size of 2-5 nm excited at a wavelength of 1064 nm (1.16 eV). The resonant Raman spectrum of the 2-5 nm nanodiamonds consists of bands at wavelengths of 1325 and 1600 cm-1, a band at 1100-1250 cm-1, and a plateau in the range from 1420 to 1630 cm-1. When excited away from the resonance (at a wavelength of 405 nm, 3.1 eV), the Raman spectrum consists of only three bands at 1325, 1500, and 1600 cm-1. It is important to note that the additional lines (1500 and 1600 cm-1) belong to the sp3-hybridized carbon bonds. The phonon density of states for the nanodiamonds (~1 nm) was calculated using moment tensor potentials (MTP), a class of machine-learning interatomic potentials. The presence of these modes in agreement with the lattice dynamics indicates the existence of bonds with force constants higher than in single-crystal diamonds. The observed resonant phenomena of the Raman scattering and the increase in the bulk modulus are explained by the presence of Tamm states with an energy of electronic transitions of approximately 1 eV, previously observed on the surface of single-crystal diamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Popov
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Tsentralnaya, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
- Phystech School of Electronics, Photonics and Molecular Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Khorobrykh
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Tsentralnaya, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
- Phystech School of Electronics, Photonics and Molecular Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str. 15, 117342 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Klimin
- Institute of Spectroscopy RAS, Fizicheskaya Str. 5, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Churkin
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Tsentralnaya, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Ovsyannikov
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Tsentralnaya, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Kvashnin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Bld. 1, 121025 Moscow, Russia
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