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Li L, Zhao J. Association of urinary and blood lead concentrations with all-cause mortality in US adults with chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23230. [PMID: 39369036 PMCID: PMC11455948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between lead exposure and mortality in specific chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations is limited. We aimed to examine the relationship between urinary lead and blood lead concentrations and all-cause mortality in US patients with CKD. This cohort study included 2320 participants with CKD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018), with follow-up until December 31, 2019. All-cause mortality was ascertained by matching US National Death Index records. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for urinary lead and blood lead concentrations in relation to all-cause mortality were estimated using a weighted Cox regression model. During a median follow-up period of 79 months, a total of 625 participants with CKD succumbed to mortality. Compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of urine and blood lead concentrations was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, with HRs and corresponding 95% CIs of 1.77 (1.05-2.99) and 2.65 (1.38-5.10), respectively. Furthermore, each additional unit increase in urinary and blood lead concentrations was associated with HRs for all-cause mortality of 1.21 (95% CI 1.06-1.38) and 1.09 (95% CI 1.01-1.19), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and restricted cubic regression spline curve analysis demonstrated significant positive associations between elevated blood lead levels, elevated urinary lead levels, and all-cause mortality risk (P < 0.05). A nonlinear concentration-response relationship was observed between blood lead level and all-cause mortality risk (PNonlinear < 0.05), with an inflection point at a concentration of 1.613 µg/dL. Subgroup analysis as well as sensitivity analysis yielded consistent findings. Our findings demonstrate that elevated levels of lead in urine and blood are associated with a significantly increased mortality risk among patients with CKD, underscoring the importance of reducing lead exposure to mitigate mortality risk in individuals at high risk for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luohua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Jiujiang City Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Jiujiang No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Jinhan Zhao
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Wu H, Chen J, Jiang T, Wu W, Li M, Zhang S, Li Z, Ye H, Zhu M, Zhou J, Lu Y, Jiang H. Effect of Eccentricity Difference on the Mechanical Response of Microfluidics-Derived Hollow Silica Microspheres during Nanoindentation. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38258228 PMCID: PMC10821515 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Hollow microspheres as the filler material of syntactic foams have been adopted in extensive practical applications, where the physical parameters and their homogeneity have been proven to be critical factors during the design process, especially for high-specification scenarios. Based on double-emulsion droplet templates, hollow microspheres derived from microfluidics-enabled soft manufacturing have been validated to possess well-controlled morphology and composition with a much narrower size distribution and fewer defects compared to traditional production methods. However, for more stringent requirements, the innate density difference between the core-shell solution of the double-emulsion droplet template shall result in the wall thickness heterogeneity of the hollow microsphere, which will lead to unfavorable mechanical performance deviations. To clarify the specific mechanical response of microfluidics-derived hollow silica microspheres with varying eccentricities, a hybrid method combining experimental nanoindentation and a finite element method (FEM) simulation was proposed. The difference in eccentricity can determine the specific mechanical response of hollow microspheres during nanoindentation, including crack initiation and the evolution process, detailed fracture modes, load-bearing capacity, and energy dissipation capability, which should shed light on the necessity of optimizing the concentricity of double-emulsion droplets to improve the wall thickness homogeneity of hollow microspheres for better mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Juzheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shanguo Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Haitao Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Mengya Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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