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Kayanja O, Hassan MA, Hassanin A, Ohashi H, Khalil ASG. Optimization of isotropic MoS 2/PES membranes for efficient treatment of industrial oily wastewater. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12058-12070. [PMID: 38628476 PMCID: PMC11019293 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Elimination of tiny oil droplets nearly miscible with wastewater can be realized using membrane technology through ultrafiltration. The novelty of this work was to blend different phases of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in isotropic polyethersulfone (PES). We prepared isotropic PES membranes by optimizing nonsolvent vapour-induced phase separation (VIPS). Membranes were blended with MoS2 nanosheets of different phases to promote separation performance and antifouling resistance. FE-SEM revealed the flower-like surface morphology of MoS2 nanosheets. HR-TEM of MoS2 revealed 2H domains in the monolayer, flakes of a few layers and a d-spacing of 0.22 nm. Raman spectroscopy could be used to distinguish mixed-phase MoS2 from single-phase MoS2. Isotropic PES membranes modified with 70% 1T/2H MoS2 had a significantly high permeance to pure water (6911 kg m-2 h bar). The same membrane possessed a high efficiency of oil rejection of 98.78%, 97.85%, 99.83% for emulsions of industrial crude oil at 100, 1000 and 10 000 mg L-1, respectively. Removal of oil droplets from wastewater was dominated by a mechanism based on size exclusion. Isotropic PES modified with 2H MoS2 possessed superior oleophilicity, which resulted in low rejection of crude oil. Modified membranes showed excellent fouling resistance for three successive filtration cycles, as evidenced by enhanced antifouling parameters. Our study reveals how the phase composition of MoS2 nanosheets can significantly affect the performance of isotropic PES membranes during the ultrafiltration of oily wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Kayanja
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) 179 New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohsen A Hassan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) 179 New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hassanin
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) 179 New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University Alexandria 21544 Egypt
| | - Hidenori Ohashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Ahmed S G Khalil
- Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) 179 New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt
- Environmental and Smart Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University 63514 Fayoum Egypt
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2
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Dee G, O’Donoghue O, Devitt E, Giroud T, Rafferty A, Gannon L, McGuinness C, Gun’ko YK. Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Magnetic Nanoparticle Composites for Water Remediation Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4347-4358. [PMID: 38313544 PMCID: PMC10832022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The combination of 0D nanoparticles with 2D nanomaterials has attracted a lot of attention over the last years due to the unique multimodal properties of resulting 0D-2D nanocomposites. In this work, we developed boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) functionalized with manganese ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The functionalization process involved attachment of MNPs to exfoliated BNNS by refluxing the precursor materials in a polyol medium. Characterization of the produced BNNS-MNP composites was carried out using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adhesion of MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles onto the BNNS remained unaffected by repeated sonication and heating in a furnace at 400 °C, underscoring the robust nature of the formed bond. FTIR spectra and XPS deconvolution confirmed the presence of strong bonding between BNNS and the MNPs. Membranes were fabricated from the BNNS and the BNNS-MnFe2O4 nanocomposites for evaluating their efficiency in removing the methylene blue dye pollutant. The membranes have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The effectiveness of dye removal was monitored using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The BNNS-MnFe2O4 nanocomposite membranes exhibited enhanced MB capture compared to membranes made from pure BNNS alone. The recyclability assessment of BNNS-MnFe2O4 demonstrated exceptional performance, retaining 92% efficiency even after eight cycles. These results clearly demonstrate the high potential of these magnetic nanocomposites as reusable materials for water filtration membranes. Furthermore, the introduction of magnetic functionality as part of the membrane brings an exciting opportunity for in situ magnetic heating of the membrane, which shall be explored in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret Dee
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Olivia O’Donoghue
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin Devitt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tiphaine Giroud
- SIGMA
Clermont, Campus De Clermont-Ferrand, 63178 Aubiere Cedex, France
| | - Aran Rafferty
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lee Gannon
- School
of Physics University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cormac McGuinness
- School
of Physics University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yurii K. Gun’ko
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Choudhary D, Singh A, Giri A, Prasad HC, Sharma RK, Mishra A, Singhai S, Singh A. Functional hBN decorated Ni(OH) 2 nanosheets synthesized for remarkable adsorption performance for the elimination of fluoride ions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13199-13215. [PMID: 37665003 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is a serious concern due to its fatal effects. Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride sheets have been combined with nickel hydroxide nanoparticles by a one step process and a hybrid adsorbent Ni(OH)2@hBN has been developed with an exceptionally high fluoride adsorption capacity of 365 mg g-1, higher than those of Ni(OH)2 and hBN. This maximum adsorption capacity is higher than those of most common adsorbents used for defluoridation including activated alumina, reported nickel oxide and carbon-based 2D material-supported alumina adsorbents. The presence of functionalized boron nitride significantly increased the surface area to 680 m2 g-1 with a pore volume of 0.33687 cm3 g-1 and provided rich hydroxyl group-containing surface sites for the removal of fluoride present in contaminated water. In addition, the adsorption of fluoride onto boron nitride-modified nickel hydroxide followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a monolayer adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, the material developed is tested with the water sample collected from a real affected area, from the Dhar district of India, and the material showed promising results in terms of fluoride removal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Ankit Singh
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Abhishek Giri
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Harish Chandra Prasad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Technical Physical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Alka Mishra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Sandeep Singhai
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
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4
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Dee G, O’Donoghue O, Rafferty A, Gannon L, McGuinness C, Gun’ko YK. Boron Nitride Nanosheets Functionalized with Fe 3O 4 and CoFe 2O 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nanofiltration Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:12526-12536. [PMID: 37469505 PMCID: PMC10352960 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) is one of the emerging technologies that is very promising for water purification among many other applications. 2D boron nitride (BN) based nanomaterials are excellent building blocks for NF membranes. In our work, BN nanosheets (BNNS) have been functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to form BNNS-MNP nanocomposites. It was found that the nanocomposites are stable with the MNPs giving very good coverage with both magnetite and cobalt ferrite MNPs and showing good attachment and stability to sonication. These nanocomposites have been tested for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye and MNPs from water. BNNS-magnetite nanocomposites showed higher removal efficiency of the MB from water than the corresponding pure BNNS, while the BNNS-cobalt ferrite removal efficiency was slightly less than the pure BNNS. The BNNS-cobalt ferrite material was regenerated by burning off the MB and recycled to show the recyclability of this material. The BNNS membranes were tested for filtration of 14 ± 4 nm magnetite MNPs and were found to capture 100% of the nanoparticles with no MNPs left in the filtrate. Thus, we have developed magnetic nanocomposite membranes, which have demonstrated great potential for water remediation. We believe that this research opens up promising ways for production of 2D nanocomposite materials with multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret Dee
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Olivia O’Donoghue
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aran Rafferty
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lee Gannon
- School
of Physics University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cormac McGuinness
- School
of Physics University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yurii K. Gun’ko
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity
College, Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
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5
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Li Q, Zhang T, Dai Z, Su F, Xia X, Dong P, Zhang J. A novel positively charged nanofiltration membrane stimulated by amino-functionalized MXene Ti3C2T for high rejection of water hardness ions. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Doménech NG, Coogan Á, Purcell-Milton F, Casasín García ML, Arjona AS, Cabré MB, Rafferty A, McKelvey K, Dunne P, Gun'ko YK. Partially oxidised boron nitride as a 2D nanomaterial for nanofiltration applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4895-4904. [PMID: 36545391 PMCID: PMC9642794 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) based 2D nanomaterials are an emerging class of materials for the development of new membranes for nanofiltration applications. Here, we report the preparation, characterisation and testing of highly promising nanofiltration membranes produced from partially oxidised BN (BNOx) 2D nanosheets. In our work, the partial oxidation of BN was successfully achieved by heating the bulk h-BN powder in air at 1000 °C, resulting in BNOx product. The characterisation of the sample showed the presence of B-OH groups corresponding to the partial oxidisation of the BN. The BNOx material was then exfoliated in water and used to produce membranes, using vacuum filtration. These membranes were characterised using electron microscopy, BET and mercury porosimetry techniques. The membranes have also been tested in water purification and removal of several typical water-soluble dyes, demonstrating outstanding retention values close to 100%. We believe that this research opens up new opportunities for further production, as well as chemical functionalisation and modification of membranes for nanofiltration and separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia García Doménech
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin D04 V1W8 Dublin Ireland
| | - Áine Coogan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
| | - Finn Purcell-Milton
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin D04 V1W8 Dublin Ireland
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin D07 H6K8 Dublin Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Aran Rafferty
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
| | - Kim McKelvey
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Peter Dunne
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
| | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin D02 PN40 Dublin Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin D04 V1W8 Dublin Ireland
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7
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Shtansky DV, Matveev AT, Permyakova ES, Leybo DV, Konopatsky AS, Sorokin PB. Recent Progress in Fabrication and Application of BN Nanostructures and BN-Based Nanohybrids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2810. [PMID: 36014675 PMCID: PMC9416166 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, such as a low specific density, large specific surface area, excellent thermal stability, oxidation resistance, low friction, good dispersion stability, enhanced adsorbing capacity, large interlayer shear force, and wide bandgap, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanostructures are of great interest in many fields. These include, but are not limited to, (i) heterogeneous catalysts, (ii) promising nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells and nanoparticles containing therapeutic agents to fight bacterial and fungal infections, (iii) reinforcing phases in metal, ceramics, and polymer matrix composites, (iv) additives to liquid lubricants, (v) substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, (vi) agents for boron neutron capture therapy, (vii) water purifiers, (viii) gas and biological sensors, and (ix) quantum dots, single photon emitters, and heterostructures for electronic, plasmonic, optical, optoelectronic, semiconductor, and magnetic devices. All of these areas are developing rapidly. Thus, the goal of this review is to analyze the critical mass of knowledge and the current state-of-the-art in the field of BN-based nanomaterial fabrication and application based on their amazing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Shtansky
- Labotoary of Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Zhang H, Zheng Y, Yu S, Chen W, Yang J. A Review of Advancing Two-Dimensional Material Membranes for Ultrafast and Highly Selective Liquid Separation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2103. [PMID: 35745442 PMCID: PMC9229763 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based nanotechnology possesses high separation efficiency, low economic and energy consumption, continuous operation modes and environmental benefits, and has been utilized in various separation fields. Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) with unique atomic thickness have rapidly emerged as ideal building blocks to develop high-performance separation membranes. By rationally tailoring and precisely controlling the nanochannels and/or nanoporous apertures of 2DNMs, 2DNM-based membranes are capable of exhibiting unprecedentedly high permeation and selectivity properties. In this review, the latest breakthroughs in using 2DNM-based membranes as nanosheets and laminar membranes are summarized, including their fabrication, structure design, transport behavior, separation mechanisms, and applications in liquid separations. Examples of advanced 2D material (graphene family, 2D TMDs, MXenes, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent organic framework nanosheets) membrane designs with remarkably perm-selective properties are highlighted. Additionally, the development of strategies used to functionalize membranes with 2DNMs are discussed. Finally, current technical challenges and emerging research directions of advancing 2DNM membranes for liquid separation are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Yiling Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China;
| | - Weixing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
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9
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Li D, Li M, Zhu S, Gao Y, Mu M, Zhang N, Wang Y, Lu M. Porous Hexagonal Boron Nitride as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating Material for Extraction and Preconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil Sample. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111860. [PMID: 35683716 PMCID: PMC9182517 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment plays important role in the analysis and detection of trace pollutants in complex matrices, such as environmental and biological samples. The adsorption materials of sample pretreatment receive considerable attention, which has a significant effect on the sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method. In this work, the porous hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was utilized as a coating material of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to extract and preconcentrate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) prior to separation and detection with GC-FID. Attributed to the multiple interactions including hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding and strong π–π interaction, the h-BN coating showed excellent extraction performance for PAHs. Under the optimal conditions, the method showed the linear relationship in the range of 0.1–50 ng mL−1 for acenaphthene, 0.05–50 ng mL−1 for pyrene, and 0.02–50 ng mL−1 for fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene with a correlation coefficient (R2) not lower than 0.9910. The enrichment factors were achieved between 1526 and 4398 for PAHs with h-BN as SPME fiber coating. The detection limits were obtained in the range of 0.004–0.033 ng mL−1, which corresponds to 0.08–0.66 ng g−1 for soil. The method was successfully applied to analysis of real soil samples. The recoveries were determined between 78.0 and 120.0% for two soil samples. The results showed that h-BN material provided a promising alternative in sample pretreatment and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ning Zhang
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-371-238-815-89 (M.L.)
| | | | - Minghua Lu
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-371-238-815-89 (M.L.)
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Manakhov A, Orlov M, Grokhovsky V, AlGhunaimi FI, Ayirala S. Functionalized Nanomembranes and Plasma Technologies for Produced Water Treatment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091785. [PMID: 35566954 PMCID: PMC9102780 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of produced water, associated with oil & gas production, is envisioned to gain more significant attention in the coming years due to increasing energy demand and growing interests to promote sustainable developments. This review presents innovative practical solutions for oil/water separation, desalination, and purification of polluted water sources using a combination of porous membranes and plasma treatment technologies. Both these technologies can be used to treat produced water separately, but their combination results in a significant synergistic impact. The membranes functionalized by plasma show a remarkable increase in their efficiency characterized by enhanced oil rejection capability and reusability, while plasma treatment of water combined with membranes and/or adsorbents could be used to soften water and achieve high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Manakhov
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9158-494-059
| | - Maxim Orlov
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Vyacheslav Grokhovsky
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Fahd I. AlGhunaimi
- EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Subhash Ayirala
- EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.A.); (S.A.)
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