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Zhang J, Gao K, Weng S, Zhu H. Graphene Nanoplatelets/Polydimethylsiloxane Flexible Strain Sensor with Improved Sandwich Structure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2856. [PMID: 38732963 PMCID: PMC11086229 DOI: 10.3390/s24092856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In engineering measurements, metal foil strain gauges suffer from a limited range and low sensitivity, necessitating the development of flexible sensors to fill the gap. This paper presents a flexible, high-performance piezoresistive sensor using a composite consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The proposed sensor demonstrated a significantly wider range (97%) and higher gauge factor (GF) (6.3), effectively addressing the shortcomings of traditional strain gauges. The microstructure of the GNPs/PDMS composite was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the distribution of the conductive network was analyzed. The mechanical behavior of the sensor encapsulation was analyzed, leading to the determination of the mechanisms influencing encapsulation. Experiments based on a standard equal-strength beam were conducted to investigate the influence of the base and coating dimensions of the sensor. The results indicated that reducing the base thickness and increasing the coating length both contributed to the enhancement of the sensor's performance. These findings provide valuable guidance for future development and design of flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshu Zhang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ke Gao
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shun Weng
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongping Zhu
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (H.Z.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Digital Construction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Zhang H, Ren Y, Zhu J, Jia Y, Liu Q, Yang X. Highly Sensitive Paper-Based Force Sensors with Natural Micro-Nanostructure Sensitive Element. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:358. [PMID: 38392731 PMCID: PMC10892271 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Flexible paper-based force sensors have garnered significant attention for their important potential applications in healthcare wearables, portable electronics, etc. However, most studies have only used paper as the flexible substrate for sensors, not fully exploiting the potential of paper's micro-nanostructure for sensing. This article proposes a novel approach where paper serves both as the sensitive element and the flexible substrate of force sensors. Under external mechanical forces, the micro-nanostructure of the conductive-treated paper will change, leading to significant changes in the related electrical output and thus enabling sensing. To demonstrate the feasibility and universality of this new method, the article takes paper-based capacitive pressure sensors and paper-based resistive strain sensors as examples, detailing their fabrication processes, constructing sensing principle models based on the micro-nanostructure of paper materials, and testing their main sensing performance. For the capacitive paper-based pressure sensor, it achieves a high sensitivity of 1.623 kPa-1, a fast response time of 240 ms, and a minimum pressure resolution of 4.1 Pa. As for the resistive paper-based strain sensor, it achieves a high sensitivity of 72 and a fast response time of 300 ms. The proposed new method offers advantages such as high sensitivity, simplicity in the fabrication process, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, providing new insights into the research of flexible force sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space–Time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuyu Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Junwen Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space–Time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanshen Jia
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space–Time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space–Time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space–Time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
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Guglielmotti V, Fuhry E, Neubert TJ, Kuhl M, Pallarola D, Balasubramanian K. Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Adhesion onto a Soft Substrate by a Graphene Impedance Biosensor. ACS Sens 2024; 9:101-109. [PMID: 38141037 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft substrates are interesting for many applications, ranging from mimicking the cellular microenvironment to implants. Conductive electrodes on such substrates allow the realization of flexible, elastic, and transparent sensors. Single-layer graphene as a candidate for such electrodes brings the advantage that the active area of the sensor is transparent and conformal to the underlying substrate. Here, we overcome several challenges facing the routine realization of graphene cell sensors on a canonical soft substrate, namely, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). We have systematically studied the effect of surface energy before, during, and after the transfer of graphene. Thus, we have identified a suitable support polymer, optimal substrate (pre)treatment, and an appropriate solvent for the removal of the support. Using this procedure, we can reproducibly obtain stable and intact graphene sensors on a millimeter scale on PDMS, which can withstand continuous measurements in cell culture media for several days. From local nanomechanical measurements, we infer that the softness of the substrate is slightly affected after the graphene transfer. However, we can modulate the stiffness using PDMS with differing compositions. Finally, we show that graphene sensors on PDMS can be successfully used as soft electrodes for real-time monitoring of the cell adhesion kinetics. The routine availability of single-layer graphene electrodes on a soft substrate with tunable stiffness will open a new avenue for studies, where the PDMS-liquid interface is made conducting with minimal alteration of the intrinsic material properties such as softness, flexibility, elasticity, and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Guglielmotti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín 1650, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emil Fuhry
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Tilmann J Neubert
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Michel Kuhl
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Diego Pallarola
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín 1650, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany
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Maini L, Genovés V, Furrer R, Cesarovic N, Hierold C, Roman C. An in vitro demonstration of a passive, acoustic metamaterial as a temperature sensor with mK resolution for implantable applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:8. [PMID: 38261856 PMCID: PMC10794229 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless medical sensors typically utilize electromagnetic coupling or ultrasound for energy transfer and sensor interrogation. Energy transfer and management is a complex aspect that often limits the applicability of implantable sensor systems. In this work, we report a new passive temperature sensing scheme based on an acoustic metamaterial made of silicon embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. Compared to other approaches, this concept is implemented without additional electrical components in situ or the need for a customized receiving unit. A standard ultrasonic transducer is used for this demonstration to directly excite and collect the reflected signal. The metamaterial resonates at a frequency close to a typical medical value (5 MHz) and exhibits a high-quality factor. Combining the design features of the metamaterial with the high-temperature sensitivity of the polydimethylsiloxane matrix, we achieve a temperature resolution of 30 mK. This value is below the current standard resolution required in infrared thermometry for monitoring postoperative complications (0.1 K). We fabricated, simulated, in vitro tested, and compared three acoustic sensor designs in the 29-43 °C (~302-316 K) temperature range. With this concept, we demonstrate how our passive metamaterial sensor can open the way toward new zero-power smart medical implant concepts based on acoustic interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Maini
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vicente Genovés
- Translational Cardiovascular Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Furrer
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Translational Cardiovascular Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christofer Hierold
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosmin Roman
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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de-la-Huerta-Sainz S, Ballesteros A, Cordero NA. Electric Field Effects on Curved Graphene Quantum Dots. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2035. [PMID: 38004893 PMCID: PMC10672820 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent and continuous research on graphene-based systems has opened their usage to a wide range of applications due to their exotic properties. In this paper, we have studied the effects of an electric field on curved graphene nanoflakes, employing the Density Functional Theory. Both mechanical and electronic analyses of the system have been made through its curvature energy, dipolar moment, and quantum regeneration times, with the intensity and direction of a perpendicular electric field and flake curvature as parameters. A stabilisation of non-planar geometries has been observed, as well as opposite behaviours for both classical and revival times with respect to the direction of the external field. Our results show that it is possible to modify regeneration times using curvature and electric fields at the same time. This fine control in regeneration times could allow for the study of new phenomena on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Ballesteros
- Physics Department, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (S.d.-l.-H.-S.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicolás A. Cordero
- Physics Department, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (S.d.-l.-H.-S.); (A.B.)
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies (ICCRAM), Unversidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Institute Carlos I for Theoretical and Computational Physics (IC1), 18016 Granada, Spain
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Zhang S, Yu Y, Hu X, Bian Q, Wang D, Weng J, Liang J, Wei L, Jiang P, Luo H, Yang L, Yang J, Zhang Z. Design of OMC-Sagnac Loop Using PDMS and Different Package Structures to Improve Sensing Performance and Optimize the Ill-Conditioned Matrix. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4655. [PMID: 37430570 DOI: 10.3390/s23104655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In the process of ocean exploration, highly accurate and sensitive measurements of seawater temperature and pressure significantly impact the study of seawater's physical, chemical, and biological processes. In this paper, three different package structures, V-shape, square-shape, and semicircle-shape, are designed and fabricated, and an optical microfiber coupler combined Sagnac loop (OMCSL) is encapsulated in these structures with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Then, the temperature and pressure response characteristics of the OMCSL, under different package structures, are analyzed by simulation and experiment. The experimental results show that structural change hardly affects temperature sensitivity, and square-shape has the highest pressure sensitivity. In addition, with an input error of 1% F.S., temperature and pressure errors were calculated, which shows that a semicircle-shape structure can increase the angle between lines in the sensitivity matrix method (SMM), and reduce the effect of the input error, thus optimizing the ill-conditioned matrix. Finally, this paper shows that using the machine learning method (MLM) effectively improves demodulation accuracy. In conclusion, this paper proposes to optimize the ill-conditioned matrix problem in SMM demodulation by improving sensitivity with structural optimization, which essentially explains the cause of the large errors for multiparameter cross-sensitivity. In addition, this paper proposes to use the MLM to solve the problem of large errors in the SMM, which provides a new method to solve the problem of the ill-conditioned matrix in SMM demodulation. These have practical implications for engineering an all-optical sensor that can be used for detection in the ocean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hu
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Dongying Wang
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Junjie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianqiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Linyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Changsha Sensintel Information Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410201, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Changsha Sensintel Information Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410201, China
| | - Linfeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wearable Sensors for Healthcare: Fabrication to Application. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22145137. [PMID: 35890817 PMCID: PMC9323732 DOI: 10.3390/s22145137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a substantial review of the deployment of wearable sensors for healthcare applications. Wearable sensors hold a pivotal position in the microelectronics industry due to their role in monitoring physiological movements and signals. Sensors designed and developed using a wide range of fabrication techniques have been integrated with communication modules for transceiving signals. This paper highlights the entire chronology of wearable sensors in the biomedical sector, starting from their fabrication in a controlled environment to their integration with signal-conditioning circuits for application purposes. It also highlights sensing products that are currently available on the market for a comparative study of their performances. The conjugation of the sensing prototypes with the Internet of Things (IoT) for forming fully functioning sensorized systems is also shown here. Finally, some of the challenges existing within the current wearable systems are shown, along with possible remedies.
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Nag A, Afsarimanesh N, Nuthalapati S, Altinsoy ME. Novel Surfactant-Induced MWCNTs/PDMS-Based Nanocomposites for Tactile Sensing Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134504. [PMID: 35806631 PMCID: PMC9267166 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the use of surfactant-induced MWCNTs/PDMS-based nanocomposites for tactile sensing applications. The significance of nanocomposites-based sensors has constantly been growing due to their enhanced electromechanical characteristics. As a result of the simplified customization for their target applications, research is ongoing to determine the quality and quantity of the precursor materials that are involved in the fabrication of nanocomposites. Although a significant amount of work has been done to develop a wide range of nanocomposite-based prototypes, they still require optimization when mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrices. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) are one of the pioneering materials used in multifunctional sensing applications due to their high yield, excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties, and high structural integrity. Among the other carbon allotropes used to form nanocomposites, MWCNTs have been widely studied due to their enhanced bonding with the polymer matrix, highly densified sampling, and even surfacing throughout the composites. This paper highlights the development, characterization and implementation of surfactant-added MWCNTs/PDMS-based nanocomposites. The prototypes consisted of an optimized amount of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and MWCNTs mixed as nanofillers in the PDMS matrix. The results have been promising in terms of their mechanical behaviour as they responded well to a maximum strain of 40%. Stable and repeatable output was obtained with a response time of 1 millisecond. The Young’s Modulus of the sensors was 2.06 MPa. The utilization of the prototypes for low-pressure tactile sensing applications is also shown here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Nag
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.N.); (M.E.A.)
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nasrin Afsarimanesh
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia;
| | - Suresh Nuthalapati
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.N.); (M.E.A.)
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Ercan Altinsoy
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.N.); (M.E.A.)
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Gómez-Graña S, Pita M, Humada-Iglesias P, Pérez-Juste J, Hervés P. Polydimethylsiloxane Sponge-Supported Metal Nanoparticles as Reusable Catalyst for Continuous Flow Reactions. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122081. [PMID: 35745418 PMCID: PMC9227176 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges supporting metal nanoparticles (gold and palladium) were developed and their catalytic properties were studied through a model reaction such as the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. Different synthetic conditions for gold and palladium were studied to obtain the best catalyst in terms of nanoparticle loading. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The catalytic efficiency and recyclability of the supported catalyst were tested in static conditions. In addition, thanks to the porous structure of the material where the catalytic centers (metal nanoparticles) are located, the model reaction for continuous flow systems was tested, passing the reaction components through the catalyst, observing a high efficiency and recyclability for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gómez-Graña
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-G.); (P.H.)
| | - Marta Pita
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Paula Humada-Iglesias
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Hervés
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-G.); (P.H.)
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