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Ahsan M, Qamar A, Shaukat R, Siddiqi HUR, Anwar Z, Farooq M, Amjad M, Imran S, Ahmed M, Mujtaba M, Fayaz H, Souayeh B. Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26493. [PMID: 38440295 PMCID: PMC10909767 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0-2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. The stable ZnO/EG-based NFs were synthesized using a standard two-step method in varying nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.012-0.048 wt%). The morphological characteristics, crystal structure, and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the NPs were sized in nm, possessing excellent crystal structure and enhanced surface area. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of the NFs were examined in the 20-60 °C temperature range. Both TC and VC possessed an increasing trend with the rise in concentration of the NPs. However, with the temperature rise, TC increased while the VC decreased and vice versa. The highest enhancements in TC and VC were 14.38 % and 15.22 %, respectively, at 40 °C and 0.048 wt% of NPs loading. The highest enrichment recorded in the local and average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were 14.80 % and 13.48% in a minichannel with 1.0 mm inner diameter, respectively. It was directly proportional to the NPs loading and volume flow rate of the NFs. The friction factor was also directly proportional to the test section's inner cross-sectional area, while the pressure gradient showed an inverse behavior. An inverse relationship was recorded for the volume flow rate of the NFs and vice versa. Maximum friction factor and the pressure drop for all three minichannel test sections were recorded as 34.58 % and 32.16 %, respectively. The well-known Shah correlation predicted the local and average HTC within ±15.0 %, while the friction factor and the pressure gradient were well predicted by the Darcy correlation within the ±10.0 % range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahsan
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Qamar
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Shaukat
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqi
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Anwar
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Imran
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- ZI Engineering, PC 10 Fifth Street, Third Floor Suite 303, Valley Stream, NY, 44581, United States
| | - M.A. Mujtaba
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan
| | - H. Fayaz
- Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Basma Souayeh
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 2092, Tunisia
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Rendón-Angeles JC, Seong G. Editorial for the Special Issue: "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanoparticles". NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091463. [PMID: 37177008 PMCID: PMC10180294 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research and development in materials science has improved tremendously over the past few decades, resulting in benefits to the quality of life of people worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rendón-Angeles
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 25900, Mexico
| | - Gimyeong Seong
- Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17, Wauan-Gil, Hwaseong-si 18323, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Shi R, Lin J, Yang H. Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO 2/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2803. [PMID: 36014668 PMCID: PMC9414640 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the effect of particle coagulation on the heat transfer properties, the governing equations of nanofluid together with the equation for nanoparticles in the SiO2/water nanofluid flowing through a turbulent tube are solved numerically in the range of Reynolds number 3000 ≤ Re ≤ 16,000 and particle volume fraction 0.005 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of particle convection, diffusion, and coagulation on the pressure drop ∆P, particle distribution, and heat transfer of nanofluid are analyzed. The main innovation is that it gives the effect of particle coagulation on the pressure drop, particle distribution, and heat transfer. The results showed that ∆P increases with the increase in Re and φ. When inlet velocity is small, the increase in ∆P caused by adding particles is relatively large, and ∆P increases most obviously compared with the case of pure water when the inlet velocity is 0.589 m/s and φ is 0.004. Particle number concentration M0 decreases along the flow direction, and M0 near the wall is decreased to the original 2% and decreased by about 90% in the central area. M0 increases with increasing Re but with decreasing φ, and basically presents a uniform distribution in the core area of the tube. The geometric mean diameter of particle GMD increases with increasing φ, but with decreasing Re. GMD is the minimum in the inlet area, and gradually increases along the flow direction. The geometric standard deviation of particle diameter GSD increases sharply at the inlet and decreases in the inlet area, remains almost unchanged in the whole tube, and finally decreases rapidly again at the outlet. The effects of Re and φ on the variation in GSD along the flow direction are insignificant. The values of convective heat transfer coefficient h and Nusselt number Nu are larger for nanofluids than that for pure water. h and Nu increase with the increase in Re and φ. Interestingly, the variation in φ from 0.005 to 0.04 has little effect on h and Nu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hailin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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