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Ajjaq A, Bulut F, Ozturk O, Acar S. Advanced NH 3 Detection by 1D Nanostructured La:ZnO Sensors with Novel Intrinsic p-n Shifting and Ultrahigh Baseline Stability. ACS Sens 2024; 9:895-911. [PMID: 38293781 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Due to its stability, transportability, and ability to be produced using renewable energy sources, NH3 has become an attractive option for hydrogen production and storage. Detecting NH3 is then essential, being a toxic and flammable gas that can pose dangers if not properly monitored. ZnO chemiresistive sensors have shown great potential in real NH3 monitoring applications; yet, research and development in this area are ongoing due to reported limitations, like baseline instabilities and sensitivity to environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, and interferent gases. Herein, we suggest an approach to obtain sensors with competitive performance based on ZnO semiconducting metal oxides. For this purpose, one-dimensional nanostructured pure and La-doped ZnO films were synthesized hydrothermally. Incorporating large rare earth ions, like La, into the bulk lattice of ZnO is challenging and can lead to surface defects that are influential in gas-sensing reactions. The sensors experienced a temperature-induced p-n shifting at about 100 °C, verified by the Hall effect and AC impedance measurements. The doped sensor showed exceptional stepwise baseline stability and outstanding performance at a relatively low operating temperature (150 °C) with a sensing response of 91 at best (@ 50 ppm NH3) and recorded a tolerance to water vapor up to 70% RH. Alongside p-n shifting, the enhanced performance was discussed in correlation with La doping-triggered changes in the nanostructural and surfacial properties of the films. We validated the proposed technique by producing similar sensors and performing multiple replicates to ensure consistency and reproducibility. We also introduced the fill factor concept into the gas sensor field as a new trustworthy parameter that could improve sensor performance assessment and help rate sensors based on deviation from ideality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ajjaq
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Fatih Bulut
- Scientific and Technological Research Applications and Research Center, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozturk
- Department of Electric and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37000, Turkey
| | - Selim Acar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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Mejía-Méndez JL, Navarro-López DE, Sanchez-Martinez A, Ceballos-Sanchez O, Garcia-Amezquita LE, Tiwari N, Juarez-Moreno K, Sanchez-Ante G, López-Mena ER. Lanthanide-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: Unraveling Their Role in Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Nanotoxicology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:213. [PMID: 38397812 PMCID: PMC10886043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used a sonochemical synthesis method to prepare (La, Sm)-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The effect of incorporating these lanthanide elements on the structural, optical, and morphological properties of ZnO-NPs was analyzed. The cytotoxicity and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity of ZnO-NPs were evaluated against breast (MCF7) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines. Their antioxidant activity was analyzed using a DPPH assay, and their toxicity towards Artemia salina nauplii was also evaluated. The results revealed that treatment with NPs resulted in the death of 10.559-42.546% and 18.230-38.643% of MCF7 and HT29 cells, respectively. This effect was attributed to the ability of NPs to downregulate ROS formation within the two cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In the DPPH assay, treatment with (La, Sm)-doped ZnO-NPs inhibited the generation of free radicals at IC50 values ranging from 3.898 to 126.948 μg/mL. Against A. salina nauplii, the synthesized NPs did not cause death nor induce morphological changes at the tested concentrations. A series of machine learning (ML) models were used to predict the biological performance of (La, Sm)-doped ZnO-NPs. Among the designed ML models, the gradient boosting model resulted in the greatest mean absolute error (MAE) (MAE 9.027, R2 = 0.86). The data generated in this work provide innovative insights into the influence of La and Sm on the structural arrangement and chemical features of ZnO-NPs, together with their cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and in vivo toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Diego E. Navarro-López
- Tecnologicode Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Sanchez-Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. José Guadalupe Zuno # 48, Industrial Los Belenes, Zapopan 45157, Mexico; (A.S.-M.); (O.C.-S.)
| | - Oscar Ceballos-Sanchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. José Guadalupe Zuno # 48, Industrial Los Belenes, Zapopan 45157, Mexico; (A.S.-M.); (O.C.-S.)
| | - Luis Eduardo Garcia-Amezquita
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada No 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Jenaro de La Fuente S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Sanchez-Ante
- Tecnologicode Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico;
| | - Edgar R. López-Mena
- Tecnologicode Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico;
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