Microenvironmental Behaviour of Nanotheranostic Systems for Controlled Oxidative Stress and Cancer Treatment

Recent advances in reactive oxygen species scavenging nanomaterials for wound healing

Reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways during wound healing phases. Treatment strategies to balance the redox level in the deep wound tissue are emerging for wound management. In recent years, reactive oxygen species scavenging agents including natural antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging nanozymes, and antioxidant delivery systems have been widely employed to inhibit oxidative stress and promote skin regeneration. Here, the importance of reactive oxygen species in different wound healing phases is critically analyzed. Various cutting-edge bioactive ROS nanoscavengers and antioxidant delivery platforms are discussed. This review also highlights the future directions for wound therapies via reactive oxygen species scavenging. This comprehensive review offers a map of the research on ROS scavengers with redox balancing mechanisms of action in the wound healing process, which benefits development and clinical applications of next-generation ROS scavenging-based nanomaterials in skin regeneration.

New insights into targeted therapy of glioblastoma using smart nanoparticles

In recent times, the intersection of nanotechnology and biomedical research has given rise to nanobiomedicine, a captivating realm that holds immense promise for revolutionizing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the field of cancer. This innovative fusion of biology, medicine, and nanotechnology aims to create diagnostic and therapeutic agents with enhanced safety and efficacy, particularly in the realm of theranostics for various malignancies. Diverse inorganic, organic, and hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles, each possessing unique properties, have been introduced into this domain. This review seeks to highlight the latest strides in targeted glioblastoma therapy by focusing on the application of inorganic smart nanoparticles. Beyond exploring the general role of nanotechnology in medical applications, this review delves into groundbreaking strategies for glioblastoma treatment, showcasing the potential of smart nanoparticles through in vitro studies, in vivo investigations, and ongoing clinical trials.

Flavonoids nanostructures promising therapeutic efficiencies in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is among the frequently diagnosed cancers with high mortality rates around the world. Polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites which exhibit anti-cancer activities along with anti-inflammatory effects. However, due to their hydrophobicity, sensitivity to degradation and low bioavailability, therapeutic effects have shown poor therapeutic effect. Nano delivery systems such as nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, silica nanoparticles have been investigated to overcome these difficulties. This review provides a summary of the efficiency of certain flavonoids and polyphenols (apigenin, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, silymarin, catechins, luteolin, fisetin, gallic acid, rutin, and curcumin) on colorectal cancer models. It comprehensively discusses the influence of nano-formulation of flavonoids on their biological functions, including cellular uptake rate, bioavailability, solubility, and cytotoxicity, as well as their potential for reducing colorectal cancer tumor size under in vivo situations.

The Emerging Role of Autophagy as a Target of Environmental Pollutants: An Update on Mechanisms

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular system crucial for cellular homeostasis that protects cells from a broad range of internal and extracellular stresses. Autophagy decreases metabolic load and toxicity by removing damaged cellular components. Environmental contaminants, particularly industrial substances, can influence autophagic flux by enhancing it as a protective response, preventing it, or converting its protective function into a pro-cell death mechanism. Environmental toxic materials are also notorious for their tendency to bioaccumulate and induce pathophysiological vulnerability. Many environmental pollutants have been found to influence stress which increases autophagy. Increasing autophagy was recently shown to improve stress resistance and reduce genetic damage. Moreover, suppressing autophagy or depleting its resources either increases or decreases toxicity, depending on the circumstances. The essential process of selective autophagy is utilized by mammalian cells in order to eliminate particulate matter, nanoparticles, toxic metals, and smoke exposure without inflicting damage on cytosolic components. Moreover, cigarette smoke and aging are the chief causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-emphysema; however, the disease's molecular mechanism is poorly known. Therefore, understanding the impacts of environmental exposure via autophagy offers new approaches for risk assessment, protection, and preventative actions which will counter the harmful effects of environmental contaminants on human and animal health.