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Utami M, Wang S, Musawwa MM, Mafruhah L, Fitri M, Wijaya K, Davidraj J, Abd-Elkader OH, Yadav KK, Ravindran B, Chung W, Chang SW, Munusamy-Ramanujam G. Photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue from Batik waste using functionalized TiO 2-based composites. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139224. [PMID: 37336442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a first-time comparative study examining the photocatalytic activity of functionalized TiO2-based composites to eliminate naphthol blue in Batik wastewater. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was synthesized by oxidizing solid graphite using the Hummers' method followed by sonication and reduction. N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) was synthesized from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and urea (CH₄N₂O) precursors by the sol-gel method. N-TiO2 modified RGO (RGO/NT) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method from N-TiO2 and RGO. Prepared TiO2-based composites and commercial TiO2, for comparison were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV-Vis DRS). FTIR characterization indicated Ti-N bonding in N-TiO2 and RGO/NT. XRD patterns showed that commercial TiO2 had a rutile phase, while N-TiO2 and RGO/NT had an anatase phase with crystal sizes of 30.09, 16.28, and 12.02 nm, respectively. SEM results displayed the presence of small and glossy white N-TiO2 dispersed on the surface of RGO. Characterization using UV-Vis DRS showed that the band gap energy values for TiO2, N-TiO2, and RGO/NT were 3.25, 3.12, and 3.08 eV with absorption regions at the wavelengths of 382, 398, and 403 nm, respectively. The highest photocatalytic activity for RGO/NT for degrading naphthol blue was obtained at pH 5, with a photocatalyst mass of 60 mg, and an irradation of 15 min. Photocatalytic degradation by RGO/NT on Batik wastewater under visible light showed higher effectivity than under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Muhammad Miqdam Musawwa
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Lulu' Mafruhah
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Melinda Fitri
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Karna Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea.
| | - Woojin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Munusamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Ins Titute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni Deposited over TiO2 and Their Photocatalytic Activity in the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure TiO2 synthesized by the sol-gel method and subsequently deposited at 5% by weight with Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni ions by the deposition–precipitation method were studied as photocatalysts. The nanomaterials were analyzed by SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS, DRX, Physisorption N2, and XPS. The SEM and TEM images present a semi-spherical shape with small agglomerations of particles and average size between 63 and 65 nm. UV-Vis results show that a reduction below 3.2 eV exhibits a redshift displacement and increment in the optical absorption of the nanoparticles promoting the absorption in the UV-visible region. XRD spectra and analysis SAED suggest the characteristic anatase phase in TiO2 and deposited materials according to JCPDS 21-1272. The specific surface area was calculated and the nanomaterial Ni/TiO2 (21.3 m2 g−1) presents a slight increment when comparing to TiO2 (20.37 m2g−1). The information generated by the XPS spectra present the deposition of metallic ions on the support and the presence of different valence states for each photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity was carried out in an aqueous solution with 80 mg L−1 of 2,4-D or 2,4-DCP under UV light (285 nm) with 100 mg L−1 of each photocatalysts for 360 min. The nanomaterial that presented the best efficiency was Ni/TiO2, obtaining a degradation of 85.6% and 90.3% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Similarly, this material was the one that presented the highest mineralization, 68.3% and 86.5% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Photocatalytic reactions correspond to the pseudo-first-order Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.
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