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Liu Q, Deng W, Zhang H, Fang J, Xie Y, Liu C, Han X, Xu X, Zhou Z. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of CQDs-Modified Layered g-C 3N 4/Flower-like ZnO Heterojunction for Efficient Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 15:550. [PMID: 40214594 PMCID: PMC11990431 DOI: 10.3390/nano15070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2025] [Revised: 03/29/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation has the advantages of high efficiency and stability compared with traditional antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for antibiotic degradation in water treatment. In this study, layered g-C3N4/flower-like ZnO heterojunction loaded with different amounts of CQDs (Cx%CNZO (x = 1, 2, 3, 4)) were precisely synthesized at room temperature. The as-prepared photocatalyst showed enhanced performance in degrading ciprofloxacin (CIP). The heterojunction with CQDs loaded at 3 wt% (C3%CNZO) achieved a 91.0% removal rate of CIP at 120 min under a sunlight simulator illumination, and the photodegradation reaction data were consistent with the first-order kinetic model. In addition, cycling experiments confirmed that the C3%CNZO heterojunction had good reusability and photocatalytic stability after four cycles. According to the experimental results, superoxide radical (•O2-) was the main active species involved in CIP degradation. Furthermore, C3%CNZO was found to conform to a type II electron transfer pathway. Finally, the possible degradation pathways of CIP were analyzed. This work may provide an effective strategy for the removal of various antibiotics in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Hai Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiajun Fang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yushi Xie
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Congwen Liu
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaochen Han
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zuowan Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Q.L.); (W.D.); (H.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.X.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (Z.Z.)
- Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin 644000, China
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Briševac D, Gabelica I, Ljubas D, Bafti A, Matijašić G, Ćurković L. Effects of TiO 2 Nanoparticles Synthesized via Microwave Assistance on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. Molecules 2024; 29:2935. [PMID: 38930999 PMCID: PMC11207004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the optimal microwave-assisted sol-gel synthesis parameters for achieving TiO2 nanoparticles with the highest specific surface area and photocatalytic activity were determined. Titanium isopropoxide was used as a precursor to prepare the sol (colloidal solution) of TiO2. Isopropanol was used as a solvent; acetylacetone was used as a complexation moderator; and nitric acid was used as a catalyst. Four samples of titanium dioxide were synthesized from the prepared colloidal solution in a microwave reactor at a temperature of 150 °C for 30 min and at a temperature of 200 °C for 10, 20, and 30 min. The phase composition of the TiO2 samples was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to determine the specific surface area and pore size distributions using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The band-gap energy values of the TiO2 samples were determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The distribution of Ti and O in the TiO2 samples was determined by SEM-EDS analysis. The effects of adsorption and photocatalytic activity of the prepared TiO2 samples were evaluated by the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) as an emerging organic pollutant (EOP) under UV-A light (365 nm). The results of the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were compared to the benchmark Degussa P25 TiO2. Kinetic parameters of adsorption and photocatalysis were determined and analyzed. It was found that crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles with the highest specific surface area, the lowest energy band gap, and the highest photocatalytic degradation were the samples synthesized at 200 °C for 10 min. The results indicate that CIP degradation by all TiO2 samples prepared at 200 °C show a synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation in the removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Briševac
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Ivana Gabelica
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Davor Ljubas
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Arijeta Bafti
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Gordana Matijašić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Lidija Ćurković
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.G.); (D.L.)
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