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Xue Y, Yang F, He Y, Wang F, Xia D, Liu Y. Multifunctional Hydrogel with Photothermal ROS Scavenging and Antibacterial Activity Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2025:e2402236. [PMID: 39780538 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202402236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Poor diabetic wound healing poses a critical threat to human health. Excessive oxidative stress and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection are key issues that impede diabetic wound healing. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) have attracted increasing attention because of their unique antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Here, this work designs a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/CeO2/polydopamine (PDA) hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The hydrogel exhibits a stable, efficient, and controllable photothermal conversion capacity under NIR stimulation. The hydrogel can be used to construct a local microenvironment conducive to chronic diabetic wound healing. Significant antibacterial effects of the NIR-responsive GelMA/CeO2/PDA hydrogel on both Escherichia coli (E.coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are demonstrated by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) and in bacterial live/dead staining experiments. The strong antioxidant activity of hydrogels is demonstrated by measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of the NIR-responsive GelMA/CeO2/PDA hydrogel in terms of promoting diabetic wound healing is validated in full-thickness cutaneous wounds of diabetic rat models. Additionally, this work describes the mechanism by which the NIR-responsive GelMA/CeO2/PDA hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing; the hydrogel inhibits the interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway. This NIR-responsive, multifunctional hydrogel dressing provides a targeted approach to diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Xue
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
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Meng X, Wang WD, Li SR, Sun ZJ, Zhang L. Harnessing cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:30-49. [PMID: 38849022 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Bone, an actively metabolic organ, undergoes constant remodeling throughout life. Disturbances in the bone microenvironment can be responsible for pathologically bone diseases such as periodontitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Conventional bone tissue biomaterials are not adequately adapted to complex bone microenvironment. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to find an effective strategy to improve the status quo. In recent years, nanotechnology has caused a revolution in biomedicine. Cerium(III, IV) oxide, as an important member of metal oxide nanomaterials, has dual redox properties through reversible binding with oxygen atoms, which continuously cycle between Ce(III) and Ce(IV). Due to its special physicochemical properties, cerium(III, IV) oxide has received widespread attention as a versatile nanomaterial, especially in bone diseases. This review describes the characteristics of bone microenvironment. The enzyme-like properties and biosafety of cerium(III, IV) oxide are also emphasized. Meanwhile, we summarizes controllable synthesis of cerium(III, IV) oxide with different nanostructural morphologies. Following resolution of synthetic principles of cerium(III, IV) oxide, a variety of tailored cerium-based biomaterials have been widely developed, including bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanomembranes, coatings, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we highlight the latest advances in cerium-based biomaterials for inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases and bone-related tumors. Tailored cerium-based biomaterials have already demonstrated their value in disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment. Therefore, it is important to assist in bone disease management by clarifying tailored properties of cerium(III, IV) oxide in order to promote the use of cerium-based biomaterials in the future clinical setting. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we focused on the promising of cerium-based biomaterials for bone diseases. We reviewed the key role of bone microenvironment in bone diseases and the main biological activities of cerium(III, IV) oxide. By setting different synthesis conditions, cerium(III, IV) oxide nanostructures with different morphologies can be controlled. Meanwhile, tailored cerium-based biomaterials can serve as a versatile toolbox (e.g., bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanofibrous membranes, coatings, and nanocomposites). Then, the latest research advances based on cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases were also highlighted. Most importantly, we analyzed the perspectives and challenges of cerium-based biomaterials. In future perspectives, this insight has given rise to a cascade of cerium-based biomaterial strategies, including disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen-Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Su-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, HongShan District, LuoYu Road No. 237, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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3
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Xue Y, Yang F, Wu L, Xia D, Liu Y. CeO 2 Nanoparticles to Promote Wound Healing: A Systematic Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302858. [PMID: 37947125 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerium (Ce) is a hot topic in the field of materials research due to its electronic layer structure and the unique antioxidant abilities of its oxide (CeO2 ). Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) demonstrate their potential as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Current research focuses on whether they can be used to promote wound healing and in what manner. This article provides a systematic review of the various forms of CeO2 NPs that are used in wound-healing materials over the past decade, as well as the effectiveness demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro experiments, with a focus on the relationship between concentration and effectiveness. CeO2 NPs are expected to become effective ingredients in dressings that require antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing promoting properties. This article serves as a reference for further research and clinical applications of nano-sized CeO2 in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Xue
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Likun Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
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Gavinho SR, Hammami I, Jakka SK, Teixeira SS, Silva JC, Borges JP, Graça MPF. Influence of the Addition of Zinc, Strontium, or Magnesium Oxides to the Bioglass 45S5 Network on Electrical Behavior. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:499. [PMID: 38276437 PMCID: PMC10820946 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
45S5 Bioglass has been widely used in regenerative medicine due to its ability to dissolve when inserted into the body. Its typically amorphous structure allows for an ideal dissolution rate for the formation of the hydroxyapatite layer, which is important for the development of new bone. This bioactive capacity can also be controlled by adding other oxides (e.g., SrO, ZnO, and MgO) to the 45S5 Bioglass network or by storing electrical charge. Ions such as zinc, magnesium, and strontium allow for specific biological responses to be added, such as antibacterial action and the ability to increase the rate of osteoblast proliferation. The charge storage capacity allows for a higher rate of bioactivity to be achieved, allowing for faster attachment to the host bone, decreasing the patient's recovery time. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the variation in the structure of the bioglass with regard to the amount of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs), which is important for the bioactivity rate not to be compromised, and also its influence on the electrical behavior relevant to its potential as electrical charge storage. Thus, several bioactive glass compositions were synthesized based on the 45S5 Bioglass formulation with the addition of various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2, mol%) of zinc, strontium, or magnesium oxides. The influence of the insertion of these oxides on the network was evaluated by studying the amount of NBOs using Raman spectroscopy and their implication on the electrical behavior. Electrical characterization was performed in ac (alternating current) and dc (direct current) regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rodrigues Gavinho
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.R.G.); (I.H.); (S.K.J.); (S.S.T.)
| | - Imen Hammami
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.R.G.); (I.H.); (S.K.J.); (S.S.T.)
| | - Suresh Kumar Jakka
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.R.G.); (I.H.); (S.K.J.); (S.S.T.)
| | - Sílvia Soreto Teixeira
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.R.G.); (I.H.); (S.K.J.); (S.S.T.)
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Borges
- I3N-CENIMAT and Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Gomes P, Costa B, Carvalho JPF, Soares PIP, Vieira T, Henriques C, Valente MA, Teixeira SS. Cobalt Ferrite Synthesized Using a Biogenic Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7737. [PMID: 38067467 PMCID: PMC10708217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limitations and severe side effects. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is an alternative method that can be used alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer. Cobalt ferrite particles were synthesized using an innovative biogenic sol-gel method with powder of coconut water (PCW). The obtained powders were subjected to heat treatments between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Subsequently, they were characterized by thermal, structural, magnetic, and cytotoxic analyses to assess their suitability for MH applications. Through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to confirm the presence of the pure phase of CoFe2O4 in the sample treated at 1100 °C, exhibiting a saturation magnetization of 84 emu/g at 300 K and an average grain size of 542 nm. Furthermore, the sample treated at 1100 °C showed a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.91 W/g, and at concentrations equal to or below 5 mg/mL, is non-cytotoxic, being the most suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Bárbara Costa
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - João P. F. Carvalho
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Paula I. P. Soares
- CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Tânia Vieira
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Célia Henriques
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Manuel Almeida Valente
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Sílvia Soreto Teixeira
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
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Negut I, Gradisteanu-Pircalabioru G, Dinu M, Bita B, Parau AC, Grumezescu V, Ristoscu C, Chifiriuc MC. Bioglass and Vitamin D3 Coatings for Titanium Implants: Osseointegration and Corrosion Protection. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2772. [PMID: 37893145 PMCID: PMC10604371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of MAPLE synthesized thin films based on BG and VD3 for improving the osseointegration and corrosion protection of Ti-like implant surfaces is reported. The distribution of chemical elements and functional groups was shown by FTIR spectrometry; the stoichiometry and chemical functional integrity of thin films after MAPLE deposition was preserved, optimal results being revealed especially for the BG+VD3_025 samples. The morphology and topography were examined by SEM and AFM, and revealed surfaces with many irregularities, favoring a good adhesion of cells. The thin films' cytotoxicity and biocompatibility were evaluated in vitro at the morphological, biochemical, and molecular level. Following incubation with HDF cells, BG57+VD3_ 025 thin films showed the best degree of biocompatibility, as illustrated by the viability assay values. According to the LDH investigation, all tested samples had higher values compared to the unstimulated cells. The evaluation of cell morphology was performed by fluorescence microscopy following cultivation of HDF cells on the obtained thin films. The cultivation of HDF's on the thin films did not induce major cellular changes. Cells cultured on the BG57+VD3_025 sample had similar morphology to that of unstimulated control cells. The inflammatory profile of human cells cultured on thin films obtained by MAPLE was analyzed by the ELISA technique. It was observed that the thin films did not change the pro- and anti-inflammatory profile of the HDF cells, the IL-6 and IL-10 levels being similar to those of the control sample. The wettability of the MAPLE thin films was investigated by the sessile drop method. A contact angle of 54.65° was measured for the sample coated with BG57+VD3_025. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy gave a valuable insight into the electrochemical reactions occurring on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Negut
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.N.); (B.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu-Pircalabioru
- eBio-Hub Research Center, University Politehnica of Bucharest—CAMPUS, 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, 061344 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., District 5, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics-INOE2000, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.D.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Bogdan Bita
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.N.); (B.B.); (V.G.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Anca Constantina Parau
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics-INOE2000, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.D.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.N.); (B.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Carmen Ristoscu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.N.); (B.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., District 5, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- The Romanian Academy, Calea Victoriei 25, District 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Gavinho SR, Pádua AS, Holz LIV, Sá-Nogueira I, Silva JC, Borges JP, Valente MA, Graça MPF. Bioactive Glasses Containing Strontium or Magnesium Ions to Enhance the Biological Response in Bone Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2717. [PMID: 37836358 PMCID: PMC10574208 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The non-surgical treatments are being required to reconstruct damaged tissue, prioritizing our body's natural healing process. Thus, the use of bioactive materials such as bioactive glass has been studied to support the repair and restoration of hard and soft tissue. Thus, in this work Bioglass 45S5 was developed, adding 1 and 2%mol of SrO or MgO and the physical and biological properties were evaluated. The addition of MgO and SrO at the studied concentrations promoted the slight increase in non-bridging oxygens number, observed through the temperature shift in phase transitions to lower values compared to Bioglass 45S5. The insertion of the ions also showed a positive effect on Saos-2 cell viability, decreasing the cytotoxic of Bioglass 45S5. Besides the Ca/P ratio on the pellets surface demonstrating no evidence of higher reactivity between Bioglass 45S5 and Bioglass with Sr and Mg, micrographs show that at 24 h the Ca/P rich layer is denser than in Bioglass 45S5 after the contact with simulated body fluid. The samples with Sr and Mg show a higher antibacterial effect compared to Bioglass 45S5. The addition of the studied ions may benefit the biological response of Bioglass 45S5 in dental applications as scaffolds or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Sofia Pádua
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | | | - Isabel Sá-Nogueira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | - João Paulo Borges
- I3N-CENIMAT and Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Almeida Valente
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.R.G.); (M.P.F.G.)
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Xia Y, Yuan T, Zou W, Li H, Ning J, Ruan Y, Xu L, Yu W, Cheng F. Biocompatibility and efficacy of prostatic urethral lift in benign prostate hyperplasia: an in vivo and in vitro study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13828. [PMID: 37620451 PMCID: PMC10449769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the biocompatibility and efficacy of a prostatic urethral lift (PUL) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Human BPH-1 cells were co-cultured with implant anchors and sutures, and cytotoxicity was measured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe adhesion and growth of cells and to evaluate implant biocompatibility. Fifteen male beagle dogs were randomly assigned to the surgical (n = 9) or sham-operated (n = 6) groups. The surgical group underwent cystotomy, and PUL was used to insert two implants in each lobe of the prostate to compress the enlarged prostate and dilate the urethra; the sham group underwent cystotomy without implant insertion. Compared with the control group, no significant difference in cell viability among the groups with different co-culture times of implant anchors and sutures (P > 0.05) was observed. SEM revealed good adhesion and growth of prostate cells on the implants. Improvements in urine flow rates remained stable at 7, 28, and 180 days after surgery, and the urethral diameter in the prostate region was significantly increased compared with that before surgery. PUL is a biocompatible and effective treatment for BPH, improving the urine flow rate without causing inflammation, tissue damage, or cytotoxic effects. Here, the basis for further PUL application was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Xia
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianhui Yuan
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Hammami I, Gavinho SR, Jakka SK, Valente MA, Graça MPF, Pádua AS, Silva JC, Sá-Nogueira I, Borges JP. Antibacterial Biomaterial Based on Bioglass Modified with Copper for Implants Coating. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:369. [PMID: 37504864 PMCID: PMC10381177 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related implant infections pose a substantial threat to patients, leading to inflammation in the surrounding tissue, and often resulting in implant loss and the necessity for additional surgeries. Overcoming this implantology challenge is crucial to ensure the success and durability of implants. This study shows the development of antibacterial materials for implant coatings by incorporating copper into 45S5 Bioglass®. By combining the regenerative properties of Bioglass® with the antimicrobial effects of copper, this material has the potential to prevent infections, enhance osseointegration and improve the long-term success of implants. Bioglasses modified with various concentrations of CuO (from 0 to 8 mol%) were prepared with the melt-quenching technique. Structural analysis using Raman and FTIR spectroscopies did not reveal significant alterations in the bioglasses structure with the addition of Cu. The antibacterial activity of the samples was assessed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the results demonstrated significant inhibition of bacterial growth for the bioglass with 0.5 mol% of CuO. Cell viability studies indicated that the samples modified with up to 4 mol% of CuO maintained good cytocompatibility with the Saos-2 cell line at extract concentrations up to 25 mg/mL. Furthermore, the bioactivity assessment demonstrated the formation of a calcium phosphate (CaP)-rich layer on the surfaces of all bioglasses within 24 h. Our findings show that the inclusion of copper in the bioglass offers a significant enhancement in its potential as a coating material for implants, resulting in notable advancements in both antibacterial efficacy and osteointegration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Suresh Kumar Jakka
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ana Sofia Pádua
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Nogueira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Borges
- I3N-CENIMAT and Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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10
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Inchingolo AM, Malcangi G, Ferrante L, Del Vecchio G, Viapiano F, Inchingolo AD, Mancini A, Annicchiarico C, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G, Minetti E, Palermo A, Patano A. Surface Coatings of Dental Implants: A Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050287. [PMID: 37233397 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of missing teeth is possible using biocompatible devices such as endosseous implants. This study aims to analyze and recognize the best characteristics of different implant surfaces that ensure good peri-implant tissue healing and thus clinical success over time. The present review was performed on the recent literature concerning endosseous implants made of titanium, a material most frequently used because of its mechanical, physical, and chemical characteristics. Thanks to its low bioactivity, titanium exhibits slow osseointegration. Implant surfaces are treated so that cells do not reject the surface as a foreign material and accept it as fully biocompatible. Analysis of different types of implant surface coatings was performed in order to identify ideal surfaces that improve osseointegration, epithelial attachment to the implant site, and overall peri-implant health. This study shows that the implant surface, with different adhesion, proliferation, and spreading capabilities of osteoblastic and epithelial cells, influences the cells involved in anchorage. Implant surfaces must have antibacterial capabilities to prevent peri-implant disease. Research still needs to improve implant material to minimize clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Del Vecchio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Viapiano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Annicchiarico
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elio Minetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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11
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Carvalho JPF, Vieira T, Silva JC, Soares PIP, Ferreira NM, Amorim CO, Teixeira SS, Graça MPF. Potassium Ferrite for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103880. [PMID: 37241507 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ferrites have been widely studied for their use in the biomedical area, mostly due to their magnetic properties, which gives them the potential to be used in diagnostics, drug delivery, and in treatment with magnetic hyperthermia, for example. In this work, KFeO2 particles were synthesized with a proteic sol-gel method using powdered coconut water as a precursor; this method is based on the principles of green chemistry. To improve its properties, the base powder obtained was subjected to multiple heat treatments at temperatures between 350 and 1300 °C. The samples obtained underwent structural, morphological, biocompatibility, and magnetic characterization. The results show that upon raising the heat treatment temperature, not only is the wanted phase detected, but also the secondary phases. To overcome these secondary phases, several different heat treatments were carried out. Using scanning electron microscopy, grains in the micrometric range were observed. Saturation magnetizations between 15.5 and 24.1 emu/g were observed for the samples containing KFeO2 with an applied field of 50 kOe at 300 K. From cellular compatibility (cytotoxicity) assays, for concentrations up to 5 mg/mL, only the samples treated at 350 °C were cytotoxic. However, the samples containing KFeO2, while being biocompatible, had low specific absorption rates (1.55-5.76 W/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- João P F Carvalho
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Vieira
- i3N/CENIMAT, Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- i3N/CENIMAT, Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula I P Soares
- i3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Ferreira
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos O Amorim
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Manuel P F Graça
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Gavinho SR, Bozdag M, Kalkandelen C, Regadas JS, Jakka SK, Gunduz O, Oktar FN, Graça MPF. An Eco-Friendly Process to Extract Hydroxyapatite from Sheep Bones for Regenerative Medicine: Structural, Morphologic and Electrical Studies. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050279. [PMID: 37233389 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) promotes excellent bone regeneration in bone-tissue engineering, due to its similarity to bone mineral and its ability to connect to living tissues. These factors promote the osteointegration process. This process can be enhanced by the presence of electrical charges, stored in the HA. Furthermore, several ions can be added to the HA structure to promote specific biological responses, such as magnesium ions. The main objective of this work was to extract hydroxyapatite from sheep femur bones and to study their structural and electrical properties by adding different amounts of magnesium oxide. The thermal and structural characterizations were performed using DTA, XRD, density, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. The morphology was studied using SEM, and the electrical measurements were registered as a function of frequency and temperature. Results show that: (i) an increase of MgO amount indicates that the solubility of MgO is below 5%wt for heat treatments at 600 °C; (ii) the rise of MgO content increases the capacity for electrical charge storage; (iii) sheep hydroxyapatite presents itself as a natural source of hydroxyapatite, environmentally sustainable and low cost, and promising for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Bozdag
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Goztepe Campus, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cevriye Kalkandelen
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Suresh Kumar Jakka
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Goztepe Campus, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Applications and Research, Goztepe Campus, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faik Nuzhet Oktar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Goztepe Campus, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Applications and Research, Goztepe Campus, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Kido HW, Gabbai-Armelin PR, Magri A, Fernandes KR, Cruz MA, Santana AF, Caliari HM, Parisi JR, Avanzi IR, Daguano J, Granito RN, Fortulan CA, Rennó A. Bioglass/collagen scaffolds combined with bone marrow stromal cells on bone healing in an experimental model in cranial defects in rats. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1632-1644. [PMID: 36916869 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231163752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop bone regenerative therapeutic strategies, based on the addition of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) on bioglass/collagen (BG/COL) scaffolds. For this purpose, an in vivo study was conducted using tissue response of the BG/COL scaffolds combined with BMSC in a critical-size defects. Wistar rats were submitted to the surgical procedure to perform the cranial critical size bone defects and distributed in four groups (20 animals per group): Control Group (CG) (rats submitted to the cranial bone defect surgery without treatment), Bioglass Group (BG) (rats treated with BG), BG/COL Group (rats treated with BG/COL) and Bioglass/Collagen and BMSC Group (BG/COL/BMSC) (rats treated with BG/COL scaffolds enriched with BMSCs). Animals were euthanized 15 and 30 days after surgery. Scanning electron microscopy, histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis were used. SEM analysis demonstrated that porous scaffolds were obtained, and Col fibers were successfully impregnated to BG matrices. The implantation of the BMSC on BG/COL based scaffolds was effective in stimulating newly bone formation and produced an increased immunoexpression of markers related to the bone repair. These results highlight the potential of BG/COL scaffolds and BMSCs to be used as a therapeutic approach for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Kido
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P R Gabbai-Armelin
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - Amp Magri
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,University Center of the Guaxupé Educational Foundation (UNIFEG), Guaxupé, Brazil
| | - K R Fernandes
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - M A Cruz
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - A F Santana
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - H M Caliari
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - J R Parisi
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - I R Avanzi
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - Jkmb Daguano
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, 74362Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - R N Granito
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - C A Fortulan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 28133University of São Paulo (USP) São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Acm Rennó
- Department of Biosciences, 28105Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
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14
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Extensive Investigation on the Effect of Niobium Insertion on the Physical and Biological Properties of 45S5 Bioactive Glass for Dental Implant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065244. [PMID: 36982320 PMCID: PMC10049186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental implants have emerged as one of the most consistent and predictable treatments in the oral surgery field. However, the placement of the implant is sometimes associated with bacterial infection leading to its loss. In this work, we intend to solve this problem through the development of a biomaterial for implant coatings based on 45S5 Bioglass® modified with different amounts of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5). The structural feature of the glasses, assessed by XRD and FTIR, did not change in spite of Nb2O5 incorporation. The Raman spectra reveal the Nb2O5 incorporation related to the appearance of NbO4 and NbO6 structural units. Since the electrical characteristics of these biomaterials influence their osseointegration ability, AC and DC electrical conductivity were studied by impedance spectroscopy, in the frequency range of 102–106 Hz and temperature range of 200–400 K. The cytotoxicity of glasses was evaluated using the osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells line. The in vitro bioactivity studies and the antibacterial tests against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria revealed that the samples loaded with 2 mol% Nb2O5 had the highest bioactivity and greatest antibacterial effect. Overall, the results showed that the modified 45S5 bioactive glasses can be used as an antibacterial coating material for implants, with high bioactivity, being also non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
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15
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Gavinho SR, Pádua AS, Sá-Nogueira I, Silva JC, Borges JP, Costa LC, Graça MPF. Fabrication, Structural and Biological Characterization of Zinc-Containing Bioactive Glasses and Their Use in Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:956. [PMID: 36769963 PMCID: PMC9919611 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes are widely used in guided bone regeneration (GBR), particularly in dentistry. In addition, bioactive glasses can be added to the polymers in order to develop a matrix that is osteoconductive and osteoinductive, increasing cell adhesion and proliferation. The bioactive glasses allow the insertion into its network of therapeutic ions in order to add specific biological properties. The addition of zinc into bioactive glasses can promote antibacterial activity and induce the differentiation and proliferation of the bone cells. In this study, bioactive glasses containing zinc (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mol%) were developed and structurally and biologically characterized. The biological results show that the Zn-containing bioactive glasses do not present significant antibacterial activity, but the addition of zinc at the highest concentration does not compromise the bioactivity and promotes the viability of Saos-2 cells. The cell culture assays in the membranes (PCL, PCL:BG and PCL:BGZn2) showed that zinc addition promotes cell viability and an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia R. Gavinho
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Pádua
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Nogueira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge C. Silva
- I3N-CENIMAT and Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João P. Borges
- I3N-CENIMAT and Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luis C. Costa
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Pedro F. Graça
- I3N and Physics Department, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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