Therapeutic Applications of Biogenic Silver Nanomaterial Synthesized from the Paper Flower of Bougainvillea glabra (Miami, Pink)

Biogenic silver nanoparticle synthesis using orange peel extract and its multifaceted biomedical application

The aim of this study was to employ an agro-industrial byproduct, specifically Citrus sinensis peels, as a reservoir of polyphenols. The natural chemicals present in C. sinensis peels serve as reducing agents in an environmentally benign method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This methodology not only provides a more environmentally friendly method for synthesizing nanoparticles but also enhances the value of agricultural waste, emphasizing the sustainable utilization of resources. In our study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using peel aqueous exact of C. sinensis and then their various biological activity has been investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Furthermore, their effectiveness in inhibiting growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans has been investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus were both 32 μg/mL, and for C. albicans, it was 128 µg/mL. At 250 µg/mL of AgNPs, 94% and 92% biofilm inhibition were observed against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated significant toxic effects against human prostate cancer cell line DU145 as investigated by anti-apoptotic, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays. We also conducted uptake analysis on these pathogens and cancer cell lines to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms underlying their toxic effects. These findings confirm that AgNPs can serve as a cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly resource for green synthesis of medicinal AgNPs. Moreover, this approach offers an alternative recycling strategy that contributes to the sustainable use of biological by-products.

Extraction and characterization of Bougainvillea glabra fibers: A study on chemical, physical, mechanical and morphological properties

Bougainvillea glabra fibers (BGFs) present a promising avenue for sustainable material development owing to their abundance and favorable properties. This study entails a thorough investigation into the composition, physical characteristics, mechanical behavior, structural properties, thermal stability, and hydrothermal absorption behavior of BGFs. Chemical analysis reveals the predominant presence of cellulose (68.92 %), accompanied by notable proportions of hemicellulose (12.64 %), lignin (9.56 %), wax (3.72 %), moisture (11.78 %), and ash (1.75 %). Physical measurements ascertain a mean fiber diameter of approximately 232.63 ± 8.59 μm, while tensile testing demonstrates exceptional strength, with stress values ranging from 120 ± 18.26 MPa to a maximum of 770 ± 23.19 MPa at varying strains. X-ray diffraction (XRD) elucidates a crystalline index (CI) of 68.17 % and a crystallite size (CS) of 9.42 nm, indicative of a well-defined crystalline structure within the fibers. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with cellulose, hemicellulose, wax, and water content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) delineates distinct thermal degradation stages, with onset temperatures ranging from 102.76 °C for water loss to 567.55 °C for ash formation. Furthermore, hydrothermal absorption behavior exhibits temperature and time-dependent trends, with absorption percentages ranging from 15.26 % to 32.19 % at temperatures between 30 °C and 108 °C and varying exposure durations. These comprehensive findings provide essential insights into the properties and potential applications of BGFs in diverse fields such as bio-composites, textiles, and environmentally friendly packaging solutions.

Development of bio sheet using nanoparticles and the confederation of protein for casting wound

This research pioneers a sustainable approach to wound healing by developing a bio sheet for dressings. It ingeniously incorporates healing properties of reduced graphene oxide synthesized via an eco-friendly method, using phytoextracts to eliminate toxic chemicals. Collagen extracted from fish waste and fibrinogen from post-animal waste contribute to the bio sheet's green profile. The study emphasizes the global shift towards utilizing natural materials in therapeutic applications for efficient wound healing while minimizing toxic side effects. The formulation involves a simple muffle treatment for the conversion of carbon to graphene oxide, followed by a greener reduction technique to synthesize rGO. Characterization- by peaks that obtained at 255 nm, 240 nm, 280 nm, 360 nm using UV-Vis analysis were confirmed the presents of desired carbon and glycoproteins, In X-ray diffraction (2θ value) we found peaks at 24.37°, 27.84°, 17.43° which indicated the presents of rGO, Fibrinogen, and Collagen, and FT-IR methods confirms the functional groups like OH, CH2, CC, CHO and NC in the derived materials and Zeta potential distribution were done for Compounds. To add up purity and efficiency analysis via GCMS were done for proteins. The resulting bio sheet, created in a controlled environment with a gelling agent, Undergoes morphological analysis through FESEM-EDX. Additional assessments, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hemocompatibility assays, illuminate the nature of the formulated bio sheet. To addition, biosheet is analyzed for physical and mechanical properties. Further insight is gained through the analysis of surface plots of the EDX images of both the composite and bio sheet using ImageJ software. This comprehensive approach underscores the potential of sustainable and naturally derived materials in advancing wound care technologies.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of green synthesized silver nanoformulation against four agriculturally significant fungi and its cytotoxic applications

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in powder form using the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. The synthesized AgNPs were in a powdered state and dispersed completely in 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and demonstrated prolonged shelf life and enhanced bioavailability over a year without any aggregation. The resulting silver nanoformulation demonstrated complete inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum falcatum and 68% to 80% inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizoctonia solani respectively, at 2000 ppm. The EC50 values determined through a statistical analysis were 66.42, 157.7, 19.06, and 33.30 ppm for S. sclerotiorum, C. falcatum, C. gloeosporioides, and R. solani respectively. The silver nanoformulation also established significant cytotoxicity, with a 74.96% inhibition rate against the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG at 250 ppm. The IC50 value for the cancerous cell lines was determined to be 56.87 ppm through statistical analysis. The proposed silver nanoformulation may be used as a next-generation fungicide in crop improvement and may also find application in anticancer investigations. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of silver nanoformulation demonstrating complete inhibition against the economically significant phytopathogen C. falcatum.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Allium sativum extract and evaluation of their electrical activities in bio-electrochemical cell

An electrical application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by developing a unique bio-electrochemical cell (BEC) has been addressed in the report. Here, garlic extract (GE) has been used as a reducing agent to synthesize Ag NPs, and as a bio-electrolyte solution of BEC. Ag NPs successfully formed into face-centered cubic structures with average crystallite and particle sizes of 8.49 nm and 20.85 nm, respectively, according to characterization techniques such as the UV-vis spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. A broad absorption peak at 410 nm in the UV-visible spectra indicated that GE played a vital role as a reducing agent in the transformation of Ag+ions to Ag NPs. After that four types of BEC were developed by varying the concentration of GE, CuSO4. 5H2O, and Ag NPs electrolyte solution. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current of all cells were examined with the time duration. Moreover, different external loads (1 Ω, 2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 6 Ω) were used to investigate the load voltage and load current of BEC. The results demonstrated that the use of Ag NPs on BEC played a significant role in increasing the electrical performance of BEC. The use of GE-mediated Ag NPs integrated the power, capacity, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency of BEC by decreasing the internal resistance and voltage regulation. These noteworthy results can take a frontier forward to the development of nanotechnology for renewable and low-cost power production applications.

Evaluation of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Vegetable Waste

Introduction

Vegetable waste has numerous essential values and can be used for various purposes. Unfortunately, it is often discarded worldwide due to a lack of awareness regarding its nutritional and practical significance. Even the nutrient-rich peels of fruits and vegetables are commonly wasted, despite their numerous useful applications. Utilizing vegetable waste to produce silver nanoparticles through green synthesis is an advantageous, economical, and environmentally friendly method for producing valuable products while addressing waste management concerns. The main emphasis of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using vegetable waste from Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Coriander sativum (coriander).

Methods

The stems of Coriander sativum and peels of Solanum tuberosum were used as extracts for the synthesis of AgNPs. The characterization of the synthesized AgNPs involved UV-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The phytochemical analysis was performed to analyze antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antitumor, antioxidant, alpha-amylase, and protein inhibition activities.

Results

The change in the color of the reaction mixture from yellowish green to brown following the addition of extracts to the silver nitrate solution confirmed nanoparticle synthesis. UV analysis has shown peaks in the range of 300-400nm. SEM confirmed the spherical and agglomerated morphology and size of 64nm for potato peel and 70nm for coriander stem. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of silver nanoparticles. The phytochemical assays confirmed that silver nanoparticles had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant properties and significant alpha-amylase and protein inhibition activities in comparison with the crude extracts.

Conclusion

The bioactivity of the plant suggests that it could be a suitable option for therapeutic purposes. This study demonstrates a potential method for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and the therapeutic applications of AgNPs derived from vegetable waste. By utilizing the potential of vegetable waste, we can contribute to both environmental sustainability and the development of innovative, valuable products in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and materials science. These findings encourage further research on agricultural byproducts, promoting environmentally friendly and economically advantageous research and development efforts.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Abroma augusta stabilized silver (Ag) nanoparticles against drug-resistant clinical pathogens

Infectious diseases remain among the most pressing concerns for human health. This issue has grown even more complex with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To address bacterial infections, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising avenue, offering the potential to target bacteria at multiple levels and effectively eliminate them. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AA-AgNPs) were synthesized using the leaf extract of a medicinal plant, Abroma augusta. The synthesis method is straightforward, safe, cost-effective, and environment friendly, utilizing the leaf extract of this Ayurvedic herb. The UV-vis absorbance peak at 424 nm indicated the formation of AA-AgNPs, with the involvement of numerous functional groups in the synthesis and stabilization of the particles. AA-AgNPs exhibited robust antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). The MIC values of AA-AgNPs ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL. Electron microscopic examination of the interaction of AA-AgNPs with the test bacterial pathogens showed a deleterious impact on bacterial morphology, resulting from membrane rupture and leakage of intracellular components. AA-AgNPs also demonstrated a dose-dependent effect in curtailing biofilm formation below inhibitory doses. Overall, this study highlights the potential of AA-AgNPs in the successful inhibition of both the growth and biofilms of MRSA and VRE bacteria. Following studies on toxicity and dose optimization, such AgNPs could be developed into effective medical remedies against infections.

Revolutionizing Nanotechnology with Filago desertorum Extracts: Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibiting Potent Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

In this study, we described the environmentally friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing ethanolic extract of Filago desertorum (F. desertorum) as a capping and reducing agent. We also looked at the antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of AgNPs. In order to determine the size, shape, and crystallinity of the created AgNPs, the current project was designed to produce AgNPs utilizing the crude extract of the F. desertorum. The effectiveness of the project was evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. AgNPs are monodispersed and spherical and have 50 nm average particle diameters, as determined using Image J software calculations and SEM observation. Four significant peaks from an XRD study, located at 38.46, 44.63, 64.81, and 77.74 nm, were used to calculate the average crystalline size of AgNPs which was reported to be 15 nm. In the crude extract of F. desertorum, it is possible to see the functional group peaks of a number of substances that are essential for bioreduction and the stability of the AgNPs. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of AgNPs in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, phosphomolybdenum, and ferric reducing power) were examined using conventional methods. The AgNPs showed maximum DPPH (72.51% with IC50 = 144.61 μg/mL), ABTS (75.24% with IC50 = 131.21 μg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (73.33% with IC50 = 115.05 μg/mL), phosphomolybdenum activity (73.43% with IC50 = 75.25 μg/mL), and observing reducing power (0.25) at a concentration of 250 g/mL. Inhibition by the AgNPs against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus was greatest (12 mm). According to the current findings, AgNPs produced by F. desertorum have the highest potential for free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity, which can result in antioxidant and antibiotic agents.

Differential Antimicrobial Effect of Three-Sized Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents against Plant Pathogens

BACKGROUND

Massive fruit losses are caused by microbial pathogens of unknown identities. Therefore, ecofriendly biocontrol measures are well sought after, and biogenic silver nanoparticles are plausible candidates. Here we investigate the antimicrobial effect of three different sized AgNPs samples on those pathogens.

METHODOLOGY

Identities of three local pathogenic bacteria were investigated using molecular methods. Three different-sized samples of silver nanoparticles were bio-synthesized in the external solution of a cyanobacterial culture, characterized, and used in antimicrobial bioassay.

RESULTS

The pathogens were identified as Erwinia pyrifoliae, Staphylococcus warneri, and Xanthomonas citri. UV-vis. and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the biosynthesis of AgNPs. and their three different sizes were confirmed using Scanning electron microscopy. Growth of bacterial pathogens was inhibited by all three samples of AgNPs, but the largest inhibition zone was for the smallest sized AgNPs against Staphylococcus warneri (1.7 cm).

DISCUSSION

The identity of the pathogens infecting different local fruits is reported for the first time. They belong to different bacterial lineages. The fact that biogenic AAgNPs were effective against all of them shows their broad-spectrum of antibacterial effect. Customized biosynthesis was successful in yielding different-sized AgNPs. The smaller the AgNPs, the stronger the antimicrobial impact.

CONCLUSION

Local bacterial species infecting fruits are diverse. Customized biogenic AgNPs are effective broad-spectrum biocontrol agents against bacterial pathogens of local fruits and thereby help maintain food security and environmental sustainability.

Biofabrication of nanoparticles: sources, synthesis, and biomedical applications

Nanotechnology is an emerging applied science delivering crucial human interventions. Biogenic nanoparticles produced from natural sources have received attraction in recent times due to their positive attributes in both health and the environment. It is possible to produce nanoparticles using various microorganisms, plants, and marine sources. The bioreduction mechanism is generally employed for intra/extracellular synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles. Various biogenic sources have tremendous bioreduction potential, and capping agents impart stability. The obtained nanoparticles are typically characterized by conventional physical and chemical analysis techniques. Various process parameters, such as sources, ions, and temperature incubation periods, affect the production process. Unit operations such as filtration, purification, and drying play a role in the scale-up setup. Biogenic nanoparticles have extensive biomedical and healthcare applications. In this review, we summarized various sources, synthetic processes, and biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles produced by biogenic synthesis. We highlighted some of the patented inventions and their applications. The applications range from drug delivery to biosensing in various therapeutics and diagnostics. Although biogenic nanoparticles appear to be superior to their counterparts, the molecular mechanism degradation pathways, kinetics, and biodistribution are often missing in the published literature, and scientists should focus more on these aspects to move them from the bench side to clinics.