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Ramos-Guivar JA, Rueda-Vellasmin R, Manrique-Castillo EV, Mendoza-Villa F, Checca-Huaman NR, Passamani EC. Synthesis and Characterization of Maghemite Nanoparticles Functionalized with Poly(Sodium 4-Styrene Sulfonate) Saloplastic and Its Acute Ecotoxicological Impact on the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1581. [PMID: 38891527 PMCID: PMC11174764 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Using a modified co-precipitation method, 11(2) nm γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles functionalized with PSSNa [Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)] saloplastic polymer were successfully synthesized, and their structural, vibrational, electronic, thermal, colloidal, hyperfine, and magnetic properties were systematically studied using various analytic techniques. The results showed that the functionalized γ-Fe2O3/PSSNa nanohybrid has physicochemical properties that allow it to be applied in the magnetic remediation process of water. Before being applied as a nanoadsorbent in real water treatment, a short-term acute assay was developed and standardized using a Daphnia magna biomarker. The ecotoxicological tests indicated that the different concentrations of the functionalized nanohybrid may affect the mortality of the Daphnia magna population during the first 24 h of exposure. A lethal concentration of 533(5) mg L-1 was found. At high concentrations, morphological changes were also seen in the body, heart, and antenna. Therefore, these results suggested the presence of alterations in normal growth and swimming skills. The main changes observed in the D. magna features were basically caused by the PSSNa polymer due to its highly stable colloidal properties (zeta potential > -30 mV) that permit a direct and constant interaction with the Daphnia magna neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Ramos-Guivar
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (J.A.R.-G.); (R.R.-V.); (F.M.-V.)
| | - Renzo Rueda-Vellasmin
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (J.A.R.-G.); (R.R.-V.); (F.M.-V.)
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
| | - Erich V. Manrique-Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (J.A.R.-G.); (R.R.-V.); (F.M.-V.)
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
| | - F. Mendoza-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (J.A.R.-G.); (R.R.-V.); (F.M.-V.)
| | - Noemi-Raquel Checca-Huaman
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), R. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil;
| | - Edson C. Passamani
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
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Leynen N, Tytgat JS, Bijnens K, Jaenen V, Verleysen E, Artois T, Van Belleghem F, Saenen ND, Smeets K. Assessing the in vivo toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in Schmidtea mediterranea: uptake pathways and (neuro)developmental outcomes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106895. [PMID: 38554681 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) in aquatic environments, originating from urban run-off, product use and post-consumer degradation, interact with aquatic organisms through water and sediments. Thorough toxicity assessment requires comprehensive data across all ecosystem compartments especially the benthic zone, which is currently lacking. Moreover, a proper physicochemical characterization of the particles is needed before and during toxicity assessment. In the present work, we used the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea to investigate the effects of TiO2-NPs (5 mg/L and 50 mg/L). Planarians are benthic organisms that play an important role in the food chain as predators. Our study integrated particle characterization with toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters and showed that the uptake of TiO2-NPs of 21 nm occurred through the epidermis and intestine. Epidermal irritation and mucus production occurred immediately after exposure, and TiO2-NPs induced stronger effects in regenerating organisms. More specifically, TiO2-NPs interfered with neuroregeneration, inducing behavioral effects. A delay in the formation of the anterior commissure between the two brain lobes after seven and nine days of exposure to 50 mg/L was observed, probably as a result of a decrease in stem cell proliferation. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate multiple exposure routes in toxicity screenings. Additionally, we highlight the vulnerability of developing organisms and recommend their inclusion in future risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leynen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J S Tytgat
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - K Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - V Jaenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - E Verleysen
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - T Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - F Van Belleghem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - N D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - K Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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Ramos-Guivar JA, Alca-Ramos YV, Manrique-Castillo EV, Mendoza-Villa F, Checca-Huaman NR, Rueda-Vellasmin R, Passamani EC. Pyroclastic Dust from Arequipa-Peru Decorated with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Ecotoxicological Properties in Water Flea D. magna. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:785. [PMID: 38727379 PMCID: PMC11085091 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
A novel magnetic composite made of Peruvian pyroclastic dust material decorated with maghemite nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized using a variety of analytic techniques. The 13 nm maghemite nanoparticles were grown on the pyroclastic dust using the conventional coprecipitation chemical route. A short-term acute assay was developed to study the ecotoxicological behavior of the water flea, Daphnia magna. A 24 h-lethal concentration (LC50) value equal to 123.6 mg L-1 was determined only for the magnetic composite. While the pyroclastic dust material did not exhibit a lethal concentration, it caused morphologically significant changes (p < 0.05) for heart and tail parameters at high concentrations. Morphologies exposed to the magnetic composite above the 24 h-LC50 revealed less tolerance and significant changes in the body, heart, antenna, and eye. Hence, it affects biomarker growth and swimming. The reproduction rate was not affected by the raw pyroclastic dust material. However, the number of individuals showed a decrease with increasing composite concentrations. The present study indicates the LC50 value, which can be used as a reference concentration for in-situ water cleaning with this material without damaging or changing the Daphnia magna ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Ramos-Guivar
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (Y.V.A.-R.); (E.V.M.-C.); (F.M.-V.); (R.R.-V.)
| | - Yacu V. Alca-Ramos
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (Y.V.A.-R.); (E.V.M.-C.); (F.M.-V.); (R.R.-V.)
| | - Erich V. Manrique-Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (Y.V.A.-R.); (E.V.M.-C.); (F.M.-V.); (R.R.-V.)
| | - F. Mendoza-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (Y.V.A.-R.); (E.V.M.-C.); (F.M.-V.); (R.R.-V.)
| | - Noemi-Raquel Checca-Huaman
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), R. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil;
| | - Renzo Rueda-Vellasmin
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru; (Y.V.A.-R.); (E.V.M.-C.); (F.M.-V.); (R.R.-V.)
- Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
| | - Edson C. Passamani
- Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil;
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Mendoza-Villa F, Checca-Huaman NR, Costa TLG, Freitas JCC, Ramos-Guivar JA. Ecotoxicological Properties of Pure and Phosphorus-Containing Graphene Oxide Bidimensional Sheets in Daphnia magna. TOXICS 2024; 12:252. [PMID: 38668475 PMCID: PMC11054868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis and structural, thermal, vibrational, morphological, and electronic characterization of 2D-like pure graphene oxide (GO) and phosphorus-containing graphene oxide (GOP) sheets were investigated. The average thicknesses of GO and GOP were 0.8 μm and 3.1 μm, respectively. The electron energy-loss spectroscopy spectra were used to analyze the differences in the C-K and O-K energy edge bands between GO and GOP. In addition, colloidal stability was studied using dynamic light scattering and zeta potential physicochemical techniques, determining that as the concentration increases, the hydrodynamic diameter and electrostatic stability of GO and GOP increase. The colloidal stability was quite important to ensure the interaction between the suspended solid phase and the biomarker. The 2D-like materials were used to determine their ecotoxicological properties, such as the medium lethal concentration, a crucial parameter for understanding ecotoxicity. Acute ecotoxicity experiments (24 h) were conducted in triplicate to obtain robust statistics, with corresponding mean lethal concentration (LC50) of 11.4 mg L-1 and 9.8 mg L-1 for GO and GOP, respectively. The morphological parameters of GO and GOP were compared with a negative control. However, only the case of GO was analyzed, since the Daphnia magna (D. magna) set exposed to GOP died before completing the time required for morphological analysis. The results indicate that the GOP sample is more toxic than the GO, both during and after exposure. Furthermore, the morphological parameters with the greatest statistically significant changes (p<0.05) were associated with the heart and body, while the eye and tail showed less significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Mendoza-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada Para la Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | | | - Tainara L. G. Costa
- Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil; (T.L.G.C.); (J.C.C.F.)
| | - Jair C. C. Freitas
- Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil; (T.L.G.C.); (J.C.C.F.)
| | - Juan A. Ramos-Guivar
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada Para la Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru;
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Schiavo B, Morton-Bermea O, Meza-Figueroa D, Acosta-Elías M, González-Grijalva B, Armienta-Hernández MA, Inguaggiato C, Valera-Fernández D. Characterization and Polydispersity of Volcanic Ash Nanoparticles in Synthetic Lung Fluid. TOXICS 2023; 11:624. [PMID: 37505589 PMCID: PMC10383943 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation of natural nanoparticles (NPs) emitted from volcanic activity may be a risk to human health. However, the literature rarely reports the fate and response of NPs once in contact with lung fluids. In this work, we studied the particle size distribution of ashfall from Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico. The collected ashes (n = 5) were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain the elemental composition and morphology, and to determine the size of the ash particles using ParticleMetric software (PMS). The PMS reported most of the ash to have submicrometric size (<1 μm) and an average equivalent circle of 2.72 μm. Moreover, to our knowledge, this study investigated for the first time the behavior of ash NPs at different times (0 to 24 h) while in contact with in vitro lung fluid, Gamble Solution (GS) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF) using dynamic light scattering (DLS). We found a large variability in the hydrodynamic diameter, with values less than 1 nm and greater than 5 μm. Furthermore, aggregation and disaggregation processes were recognized in GS and ALF, respectively. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the interaction between NPs and lung fluids, particularly within the alveolar macrophage region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Schiavo
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Mónica Acosta-Elías
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Claudio Inguaggiato
- Departamento de Geología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico
| | - Daisy Valera-Fernández
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Vasquez-Caballero MA, Canchanya-Huaman Y, Mayta-Armas AF, Pomalaya-Velasco J, Checca-Huaman NR, Bendezú-Roca Y, Ramos-Guivar JA. Pb(II) Uptake from Polluted Irrigation Water Using Anatase TiO 2 Nanoadsorbent. Molecules 2023; 28:4596. [PMID: 37375151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption characteristics of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) for the removal of Pb(II) from irrigation water were investigated in this work. To accomplish this, several adsorption factors, such as contact time and pH, were tested to assess adsorption efficiencies and mechanisms. Before and after the adsorption experiments, commercial nano-TiO2 was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The outcomes showed that anatase nano-TiO2 was remarkably efficient in cleaning Pb(II) from water, with a removal efficiency of more than 99% after only one hour of contact time at a pH of 6.5. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic adsorption data matched the Langmuir and Sips models quite well, showing that the adsorption process occurred at homogenous sites on the surface of nano-TiO2 by forming a Pb(II) adsorbate monolayer. The XRD and TEM analysis of nano-TiO2 following the adsorption procedure revealed a non-affected single phase (anatase) with crystallite sizes of 9.9 nm and particle sizes of 22.46 nm, respectively. According to the XPS data and analyzed adsorption data, Pb ions accumulated on the surface of nano-TiO2 through a three-step mechanism involving ion exchange and hydrogen bonding mechanisms. Overall, the findings indicate that nano-TiO2 has the potential to be used as an effective and long-lasting mesoporous adsorbent in the treatment and cleaning of Pb(II) from water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Vasquez-Caballero
- Laboratorio de No Metálicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Nº 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, Peru
| | - Yamerson Canchanya-Huaman
- Laboratorio de No Metálicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Nº 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, Peru
| | - Angie F Mayta-Armas
- Laboratorio de No Metálicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Nº 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, Peru
| | - Jemina Pomalaya-Velasco
- Laboratorio de No Metálicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Nº 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, Peru
| | | | - Yéssica Bendezú-Roca
- Laboratorio de No Metálicos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Nº 3909, El Tambo, Huancayo 12000, Peru
| | - Juan A Ramos-Guivar
- Grupo de Investigación de Nanotecnología Aplicada para Biorremediación Ambiental, Energía, Biomedicina y Agricultura (NANOTECH), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 15081, Peru
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Wang LM, Jia K, Li ZF, Qi HY, Liu DX, Liang YJ, Hao SL, Tan FQ, Yang WX. TiO 2 nanoparticles affect spermatogenesis and adhesion junctions via the ROS-mediated mTOR signalling pathway in Eriocheir sinensis testes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121952. [PMID: 37270048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings found that TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have male reproductive toxicity. However, few reports have studied the toxicity of TiO2-NPs in crustaceans. In this study, we first chose the freshwater crustacean Eriocheir sinensis (E. sinensis) to explore the male toxicity of TiO2-NP exposure and the underlying mechanisms. Three nm and 25 nm TiO2-NPs at a dose of 30 mg/kg bw induced apoptosis and damaged the integrity of the haemolymph-testis-barrier (HTB, a structure similar to the blood-testis-barrier) and the structure of the seminiferous tubule. The 3-nm TiO2-NPs caused more severe spermatogenesis dysfunction than the 25-nm TiO2-NPs. We initially confirmed that TiO2-NP exposure affected the expression patterns of adherens junctions (α-catenin and β-catenin) and induced tubulin disorganization in the testis of E. sinensis. TiO2-NP exposure caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and an imbalance of mTORC1-mTORC2 (mTORC1/rps6/Akt levels were increased, while mTORC2 activity was not changed). After using the ROS scavenger NAC to inhibit ROS generation, both the mTORC1-mTORC2 imbalance and alterations in AJs were rescued. More importantly, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin abolished mTORC1/rps6/Akt hyperactivation and partially restored the alterations in AJs and tubulin. Collectively, the mTORC1-mTORC2 imbalance induced by TiO2-NPs was involved in the mechanism of AJ and HTB disruption, resulting in spermatogenesis in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Min Wang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ke Jia
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Fang Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qi
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ding-Xi Liu
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuang-Li Hao
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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