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Rafael D, Guerrero M, Marican A, Arango D, Sarmento B, Ferrer R, Durán-Lara EF, Clark SJ, Schwartz S. Delivery Systems in Ocular Retinopathies: The Promising Future of Intravitreal Hydrogels as Sustained-Release Scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051484. [PMID: 37242726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow-release delivery systems are needed to ensure long-term sustained treatments for retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, which are currently treated with anti-angiogenic agents that require frequent intraocular injections. These can cause serious co-morbidities for the patients and are far from providing the adequate drug/protein release rates and required pharmacokinetics to sustain prolonged efficacy. This review focuses on the use of hydrogels, particularly on temperature-responsive hydrogels as delivery vehicles for the intravitreal injection of retinal therapies, their advantages and disadvantages for intraocular administration, and the current advances in their use to treat retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rafael
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research (FVPR), 20 ICTS Nanbiosis, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Guerrero
- Bio & Nano Materials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Center for Nanomedicine, Diagnostic & Drug Development (ND3), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Adolfo Marican
- Bio & Nano Materials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Center for Nanomedicine, Diagnostic & Drug Development (ND3), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação, Saúde Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Roser Ferrer
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio & Nano Materials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Center for Nanomedicine, Diagnostic & Drug Development (ND3), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Simon J Clark
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Simo Schwartz
- Drug Delivery & Targeting, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Carreño G, Pereira A, Ávila-Salas F, Marican A, Andrade F, Roca-Melendres MM, Valdés O, Vijayakumar S, Schwartz S, Abasolo I, Rafael D, Durán-Lara EF. Development of "on-demand" thermo-responsive hydrogels for anti-cancer drugs sustained release: Rational design, in silico prediction and in vitro validation in colon cancer models. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112483. [PMID: 34857269 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A rational design accurate based on the use of Statistical Design of the Experiments (DoE) and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies allows the prediction and the understanding of thermo-responsive hydrogels prepared regarding their gelation temperature and anti-cancer drug release rate. N-isopropylacrilamide (NIPAM) modified with specific co-monomers and crosslinkers, can be used to prepare "on-demand" thermo-responsive hydrogels with the ideal properties for clinical applications in which local sustained release of drugs is crucial. Two preferential formulations resulting from the predictive studies of DoE and In Silico methods were synthesized by radical polymerization, fully characterized, and loaded with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (Dox). The hydrogel formulations were characterized by swelling rate, turbidity, FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, gelation time, rheology, and biocompatibility assays. Both formulations demonstrated adequate morphologic, rheological, and biocompatibility properties; however, important differences in terms of drug retention were detected. As demonstrated by a Dox cumulative release study and posteriorly confirmed by an efficacy assay in an in vitro colorectal cancer model, the formulation composed by NIPAM and 4-penten-1-ol crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) (PNiPenPH) present a slow release over the time, presenting ideal properties to become and ideal depot system for the local sustained release of anticancer drugs as adjuvant therapy or in the case of non-resectable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carreño
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile; Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Alfredo Pereira
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Fabián Ávila-Salas
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba 8580000, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Adolfo Marican
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile; Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Fernanda Andrade
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centre for Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; School of Pharmacy, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mercé Roca-Melendres
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centre for Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
| | | | - Simó Schwartz
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centre for Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centre for Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Functional Validation & Preclinical Research (FVPR), CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Rafael
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centre for Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile.
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Valdés C, Valdés O, Bustos D, Abril D, Cabrera-Barjas G, Pereira A, Villaseñor J, Polo-Cuadrado E, Carreño G, Durán-Lara EF, Marican A. Use of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Malic Acid (CLHPMA) Hydrogels and Chitosan Coated Calcium Alginate (CCCA) Microparticles as Potential Sorbent Phases for the Extraction and Quantitative Determination of Pesticides from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3993. [PMID: 34833292 PMCID: PMC8619381 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are used worldwide to increase crop yields in agriculture. However, their toxicity and accumulation capacity can make them toxic to the environment, animals and humans. In the case of workers chronically exposed to these substances, they must be sampled continuously, so urine is an excellent option. In this sense, this study proposes to use poly(vinyl alcohol)-malic acid hydrogels, and chitosan-coated calcium alginate as new sorbent phases to be used in pesticide determination processes in urine. To better understand the behavior of these materials in the capture and desorption process, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were used, and desorption experiments were performed, using mechanical agitation, ultrasound, and pH variation in the desorption process, in order to optimize the parameters to obtain better recoveries. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the maximum recoveries were of the order of 11% (CFN), 3% (KCF), 53% (DMT), 18% (MTD) and 35% (MTL). Although the recoveries were not exhaustive, they are a first approximation for the use of these new sorbent phases in the determination of this type of compound in aqueous solutions and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoria de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (C.V.); (O.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Oscar Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoria de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (C.V.); (O.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Bustos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoria de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (C.V.); (O.V.); (D.B.)
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional (LBQC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Escuela de Bioingeniería Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Diana Abril
- Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 3349001, Chile;
| | - Alfredo Pereira
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile; (A.P.); (J.V.); (E.P.-C.); (G.C.)
| | - Jorge Villaseñor
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile; (A.P.); (J.V.); (E.P.-C.); (G.C.)
| | - Efraín Polo-Cuadrado
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile; (A.P.); (J.V.); (E.P.-C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gustavo Carreño
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile; (A.P.); (J.V.); (E.P.-C.); (G.C.)
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
| | - Esteban F. Durán-Lara
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
| | - Adolfo Marican
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile; (A.P.); (J.V.); (E.P.-C.); (G.C.)
- Bio and NanoMaterials Lab, Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile
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Gautam L, Warkar SG, Ahmad SI, Kant R, Jain M. A review on carboxylic acid cross‐linked polyvinyl alcohol: Properties and applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leela Gautam
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University New Delhi India
- Department of Chemistry Zakir Husain Delhi College (University of Delhi) New Delhi India
| | - Sudhir G. Warkar
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University New Delhi India
| | - Syed Ishraque Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry Zakir Husain Delhi College (University of Delhi) New Delhi India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Chemistry Zakir Husain Delhi College (University of Delhi) New Delhi India
| | - Manish Jain
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University New Delhi India
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Casalini T, Perale G. From Microscale to Macroscale: Nine Orders of Magnitude for a Comprehensive Modeling of Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Gels 2019; 5:E28. [PMID: 31096685 PMCID: PMC6631542 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their inherent biocompatibility and tailorable network design, hydrogels meet an increasing interest as biomaterials for the fabrication of controlled drug delivery devices. In this regard, mathematical modeling can highlight release mechanisms and governing phenomena, thus gaining a key role as complementary tool for experimental activity. Starting from the seminal contribution given by Flory-Rehner equation back in 1943 for the determination of matrix structural properties, over more than 70 years, hydrogel modeling has not only taken advantage of new theories and the increasing computational power, but also of the methods offered by computational chemistry, which provide details at the fundamental molecular level. Simulation techniques such as molecular dynamics act as a "computational microscope" and allow for obtaining a new and deeper understanding of the specific interactions between the solute and the polymer, opening new exciting possibilities for an in silico network design at the molecular scale. Moreover, system modeling constitutes an essential step within the "safety by design" paradigm that is becoming one of the new regulatory standard requirements also in the field-controlled release devices. This review aims at providing a summary of the most frequently used modeling approaches (molecular dynamics, coarse-grained models, Brownian dynamics, dissipative particle dynamics, Monte Carlo simulations, and mass conservation equations), which are here classified according to the characteristic length scale. The outcomes and the opportunities of each approach are compared and discussed with selected examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Casalini
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, SUPSI-University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Via Cantonale 2C, Galleria 2, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, SUPSI-University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Via Cantonale 2C, Galleria 2, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Orthopaedic Clinic-IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Genova, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Alegre-Requena JV, Saldías C, Inostroza-Rivera R, Díaz Díaz D. Understanding hydrogelation processes through molecular dynamics. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1652-1673. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03036g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) is currently one of the preferred techniques employed to understand hydrogelation processes for its ability to include large amounts of atoms in computational calculations, since substantial amounts of solvent molecules are involved in gel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Saldías
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Macul
- Chile
| | | | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC
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Avila-Salas F, Rodriguez Nuñez YA, Marican A, Castro RI, Villaseñor J, Santos LS, Wehinger S, Durán-Lara EF. Rational Development of a Novel Hydrogel as a pH-Sensitive Controlled Release System for Nifedipine. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E806. [PMID: 30960732 PMCID: PMC6403543 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work depicts the rational development (in-silico design, synthesis, characterization and in-vitro evaluation) of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels (PVAH) cross-linked with maleic acid (MA) and linked to γ-cyclodextrin molecules (γ-CDPVAHMA) as systems for the controlled and sustained release of nifedipine (NFD). Through computational studies, the structural blocks (PVA chain + dicarboxylic acid + γ-CD) of 20 different hydrogels were evaluated to test their interaction energies (ΔE) with NFD. According to the ΔE obtained, the hydrogel cross-linked with maleic acid was selected. To characterize the intermolecular interactions between NFD and γ-CDPVAHMA, molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out. Experimentally, three hydrogel formulations with different proportions of γ-CD (2.43%, 3.61% and 4.76%) were synthesized and characterized. Both loading and release of NFD from the hydrogels were evaluated at acid and basic pH. The computational and experimental results show that γ-CDs linked to the hydrogels were able to form 1:1 inclusion complexes with NFD molecules. Finally, γ-CDPVAHMA-3 demonstrated to be the best pH-sensitive release platform for nifedipine. Its effectiveness could significantly reduce the adverse effects caused by the anticipated release of NFD in the stomach of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Avila-Salas
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba 8580000, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Yeray A Rodriguez Nuñez
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Adolfo Marican
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Ricardo I Castro
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Construcción e Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Jorge Villaseñor
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Leonardo S Santos
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Sergio Wehinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Heatlh Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Universidad de Chile, Independencia 8380000, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of γ-CD-Containing Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel as a Prednisone Delivery Platform. Pharmaceutics 2018. [PMID: 29518980 PMCID: PMC5874843 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the in-silico rational design, synthesis and evaluation of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels containing γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CDHSAs) as platforms for the sustained release of prednisone (PDN). Through in-silico studies using semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations, the effectiveness of 20 dicarboxylic acids to generate a specific cross-linked hydrogel capable of supporting different amounts of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was evaluated. According to the interaction energies calculated with the in-silico studies, the hydrogel made from PVA cross-linked with succinic acids (SA) was shown to be the best candidate for containing γ-CD. Later, molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed in order to evaluate the intermolecular interactions between PDN and three cross-linked hydrogel formulations with different proportions of γ-CD (2.44%, 4.76% and 9.1%). These three cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized and characterized. The loading and the subsequent release of PDN from the hydrogels were investigated. The in-silico and experimental results showed that the interaction between PDN and γ-CDHSA was mainly produced with the γ-CDs linked to the hydrogels. Thus, the unique structures and properties of γ-CDHSA demonstrated an interesting multiphasic profile that could be utilized as a promising drug carrier for controlled, sustained and localized release of PDN.
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