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Kou B, Wang Z, Mousavi S, Wang P, Ke Y. Dynamic Gold Nanostructures Based on DNA Self Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308862. [PMID: 38143287 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The combination of DNA nanotechnology and Nano Gold (NG) plasmon has opened exciting possibilities for a new generation of functional plasmonic systems that exhibit tailored optical properties and find utility in various applications. In this review, the booming development of dynamic gold nanostructures are summarized, which are formed by DNA self-assembly using DNA-modified NG, DNA frameworks, and various driving forces. The utilization of bottom-up strategies enables precise control over the assembly of reversible and dynamic aggregations, nano-switcher structures, and robotic nanomachines capable of undergoing on-demand, reversible structural changes that profoundly impact their properties. Benefiting from the vast design possibilities, complete addressability, and sub-10 nm resolution, DNA duplexes, tiles, single-stranded tiles and origami structures serve as excellent platforms for constructing diverse 3D reconfigurable plasmonic nanostructures with tailored optical properties. Leveraging the responsive nature of DNA interactions, the fabrication of dynamic assemblies of NG becomes readily achievable, and environmental stimulation can be harnessed as a driving force for the nanomotors. It is envisioned that intelligent DNA-assembled NG nanodevices will assume increasingly important roles in the realms of biological, biomedical, and nanomechanical studies, opening a new avenue toward exploration and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China
| | - Shikufa Mousavi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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Kincanon M, Murphy CJ. Nanoparticle Size Influences the Self-Assembly of Gold Nanorods Using Flexible Streptavidin-Biotin Linkages. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38010073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals remains of robust interest due to its potential in creating hierarchical nanomaterials that have advanced function. For gold nanocrystals, junctions between nanoparticles yield large enhancements in local electric fields under resonant illumination, which is suitable for surface-enhanced spectroscopies for molecular sensors. Gold nanorods can provide such plasmonic fields at near-infrared wavelengths of light for longitudinal excitation. Through the use of careful concentration and stoichiometric control, a method is reported herein for selective biotinylation of the ends of gold nanorods for simple, consistent, and high-yielding self-assembly upon addition of the biotin-binding protein streptavidin. This method was applied to four different sized nanorods of similar aspect ratio and analyzed through UV-vis spectroscopy for qualitative confirmation of self-assembly and transmission electron microscopy to determine the degree of self-assembly in end-linked nanorods. The yield of end-linked assemblies approaches 90% for the largest nanorods and approaches 0% for the smallest nanorods. The number of nanorods linked in one chain also increases with an increased nanoparticle size. The results support the notion that the lower ligand density at the ends of the larger nanorods yields preferential substitution reactions at those ends and hence preferential end-to-end assembly, while the smallest nanorods have a relatively uniform ligand density across their surfaces, leading to spatially random substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegen Kincanon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lu Z, Liu D, Wei P, Yi T. Activated aggregation strategies to construct size-increasing nanoparticles for cancer therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1848. [PMID: 36039701 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutic strategies and modalities for tumors is still one of the important areas of current scientific research. Low permeability and short residence time of drugs in solid tumor areas are important reasons for the low efficiency of existing therapeutic strategies. Typically, nanoparticles with large size displayed enhanced residence time but low permeability. Therefore, to prolong the retention time of materials in solid tumors, size-increasing strategies have been developed to directly generate large-scale nanoparticles using small molecular compounds or increase the size of small nanoparticles in solid tumor areas. In this review, we summarize recently reported activatable aggregation systems that could be activated by cancer-related substances for cancer therapy and classify them by the mechanisms that lead to aggregation. In the end, we propose some potential challenges briefly from the view of our opinion. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongya Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Chowdhury E, Rahaman MS, Sathitsuksanoh N, Grapperhaus CA, O'Toole MG. DNA-mediated hierarchical organization of gold nanoprisms into 3D aggregates and their application in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25256-25263. [PMID: 34734598 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal crystallization using DNA provides a robust method for fabricating highly programmable nanoparticle superstructures with collective plasmonic properties. Here, we report on the DNA-guided fabrication of 3D plasmonic aggregates from polydisperse gold nanoprisms. We first construct 1D crystals via DNA-induced and shape-directed face-to-face assembly of anisotropic gold nanoprisms. Using the near-Tm thermal annealing approach that promotes long-range DNA-induced interaction and ordering, we then assemble 1D nanoprism crystals into a 3D nanoprism aggregate that exhibits a polycrystalline morphology with nanoscale ordering and microscale dimensions. The presence of closely packed nanoprism arrays over a large area gives rise to strong near-field plasmonic coupling and generates a high density of plasmonic hot spots within the 3D nanoprism aggregates that exhibit excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance. The plasmonic 3D nanoprism aggregates demonstrate significant SERS enhancement (<106), and low detection limits (10-9M) with good sample-to-sample reproducibility (CV ∼ only 5.6%) for SERS analysis of the probe molecule, methylene blue. These findings highlight the potential of 3D anisotropic nanoparticle aggregates as functional plasmonic nanoarchitectures that could find applications in sensing, photonics, optoelectronics and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emtias Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Craig A Grapperhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Martin G O'Toole
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Abstract
The field of single nanoparticle plasmonics has grown enormously. There is no doubt that a wide diversity of the nanoplasmonic techniques and nanostructures represents a tremendous opportunity for fundamental biomedical studies as well as sensing and imaging applications. Single nanoparticle plasmonic biosensors are efficient in label-free single-molecule detection, as well as in monitoring real-time binding events of even several biomolecules. In the present review, we have discussed the prominent advantages and advances in single particle characterization and synthesis as well as new insight into and information on biomedical diagnosis uniquely obtained using single particle approaches. The approaches include the fundamental studies of nanoplasmonic behavior, two typical methods based on refractive index change and characteristic light intensity change, exciting innovations of synthetic strategies for new plasmonic nanostructures, and practical applications using single particle sensing, imaging, and tracking. The basic sphere and rod nanostructures are the focus of extensive investigations in biomedicine, while they can be programmed into algorithmic assemblies for novel plasmonic diagnosis. Design of single nanoparticles for the detection of single biomolecules will have far-reaching consequences in biomedical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Sokolov PA, Ramazanov RR, Rolich VI, Popova MA, Shalygin VE, Kasyanenko NA. Stabilization of DNA by sodium and magnesium ions during the synthesis of DNA-bridged gold nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:045604. [PMID: 33045696 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures synthesized using DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in the field of biosensorics. The stability of the DNA duplex plays a critical role as it determines the final geometry of these nanostructures. The main way to control DNA stability is to maintain a high ionic strength of the buffer solution; at the same time, high salt concentrations lead to an aggregation of nanoparticles. In this study, by means of the instrumentality of DNA-bridged seeds using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as a soft reducing agent the dumbbell-like gold nanoparticles up to 35 nm were synthesized with a high concentration of sodium ions of up to 100 mM and magnesium ions up to 1 mM. We also examined at the atomic level the details of the effect of the gold nanoparticle surface, as well as Na+ and Mg2+ ions, on the stability of nucleotide pairs located in close proximity to the grafting site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr A Sokolov
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Ruslan R Ramazanov
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Prospect V.O. 31, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia
| | - Valeriy I Rolich
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Maria A Popova
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav E Shalygin
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nina A Kasyanenko
- St. Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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Chowdhury E, Rahaman MS, Sathitsuksanoh N, Grapperhaus CA, O'Toole MG. DNA-induced assembly of gold nanoprisms and polystyrene beads into 3D plasmonic SERS substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:025506. [PMID: 32987380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbc22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of nanoparticle-polymer bead hybrid nanostructures as a SERS substrate depends on the control of the deposition, density, and distribution of nanoparticles on the bead surface. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of a large area SERS substate via a two- step DNA mediated assembly of gold nanoprisms and polystyrene (PS) beads into a large ensemble of beads that are densely coated with nanoprisms. First, nanoprisms are loaded on PS beads through DNA hybridization. The close packed arrangement of anisotropic nanoprisms in different orientations on a bead surface results in a plasmonic substrate with a variable nanogap size ranging 1-20 nm. Nanoprisms-coated beads are then assembled into a large stack or aggregate of beads using a DNA-induced crystallization approach. Each aggregate consists of 20-50 nanoprisms-coated beads, leading to the formation a large area of three-dimensional SERS substrate with a high-density of hot spots for SERS enhancement. An excellent enhancement factor (EF) of [Formula: see text] and a very high detection sensitivity (up to 10-10 M) are observed for the analysis of a probe molecule (Methylene blue) using the SERS substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emtias Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Shahinur Rahaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States of America
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States of America
| | - Craig A Grapperhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States of America
| | - Martin G O'Toole
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States of America
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Morozov VN, Kolyvanova MA, Dement'eva OV, Rudoy VM, Kuzmin VA. Comparison of quenching efficacy of SYBR Green I and PicoGreen fluorescence by ultrasmall gold nanoparticles in isotropic and liquid-crystalline DNA systems. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Interfacing DNA with nanoparticles: Surface science and its applications in biosensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:757-780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bergueiro J, Núñez-Martínez M, Arias S, Quiñoá E, Riguera R, Freire F. Chiral gold-PPA nanocomposites with tunable helical sense and morphology. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:495-500. [PMID: 32118234 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of stimuli-responsive dynamic helical polymer-metal nanoparticle nanocomposite formed by a helical poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is described. Thus, several PPA copolymers containing the ethynyl-4-benzamide of (S)-phenylglycine methyl ester (M1) to dictate the helical structure/sense of the copolymer, and the ethynyl-4-benzamide of the 11-((2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)amino)undecane-1-thiol (M2) to link the copolymer to the AuNPs are prepared. Different morphologies of these nanocomposites were obtained by considering the thiol ratio and the self-assembly properties of the PPA, which generates from dispersed AuNPs to fibre-like structures. All these nanocomposites show a dynamic chiral behaviour, it being possible to manipulate their helical sense by the action of external stimuli. Moreover, it is possible to control the aggregation of these nanocomposites into macroscopically chiral nanospheres with low polydispersity by using Ba2+ as a crosslinking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Bergueiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel Núñez-Martínez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sandra Arias
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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11
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Nguyen HA, Jupin I, Decorse P, Lau-Truong S, Ammar S, Ha-Duong NT. Assembly of gold nanoparticles using turnip yellow mosaic virus as an in-solution SERS sensor. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32296-32307. [PMID: 35530810 PMCID: PMC9072845 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A common challenge in nanotechnology is the conception of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure. In recent years, virus capsids have been used as templates to create a network to organize 3D nano-objects, building thus new functional nanomaterials and then devices. In this work, we synthetized 3D gold nanoclusters and we used them as Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) sensor substrates in solution. In practice, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were grafted on turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) capsid, an icosahedral plant virus. Two strategies were considered to covalently bind AuNPs of different sizes (5, 10 and 20 nm) to TYMV. After purification by agarose electrophoresis and digestion by agarase, the resulting nano-bio-hybrid AuNP-TYVM was characterized by different tools. Typically, dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirmed the grafting through the hydrodynamic size increase by comparing AuNPs alone to AuNP-TYMV (up to 33, 50 and 68 nm for 5, 10 and 20 nm sized AuNPs, respectively) or capsids alone (28 nm). Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that AuNPs were arranged with 5-fold symmetry, in agreement with their grafting around icosahedral capsids. Moreover, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy showed a red-shift of the plasmon absorption band on the grafted AuNP spectrum (530 nm) compared to that of the non-grafted one (520 nm). Finally, by recording in solution the Raman spectra of a dissolved probe molecule, namely 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BPE), in the presence of AuNP-TYVM and bare AuNPs or capsids, a net enhancement of the Raman signal was observed when BPE is adsorbed on AuNP-TYVM. The analytical enhancement factor (AEF) value of AuNP-TYMV is 5 times higher than that of AuNPs. These results revealed that AuNPs organized around virus capsid are able to serve as in-solution SERS-substrates, which is very interesting for the conception of ultrasensitive sensors in biological media. 3D-assembly of gold nanoparticles onto turnip yellow mosaic virus.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Anh Nguyen
- ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, Université de Paris 15 Rue J-A de Baïf F-75013 Paris France +33-1-57-27-72-39
| | - Isabelle Jupin
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris France
| | - Philippe Decorse
- ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, Université de Paris 15 Rue J-A de Baïf F-75013 Paris France +33-1-57-27-72-39
| | - Stephanie Lau-Truong
- ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, Université de Paris 15 Rue J-A de Baïf F-75013 Paris France +33-1-57-27-72-39
| | - Souad Ammar
- ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, Université de Paris 15 Rue J-A de Baïf F-75013 Paris France +33-1-57-27-72-39
| | - Nguyet-Thanh Ha-Duong
- ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, Université de Paris 15 Rue J-A de Baïf F-75013 Paris France +33-1-57-27-72-39
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Scrimin P. Special Issue "Synthesis and Applications of Functionalized Gold Nanosystems". NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9071046. [PMID: 31336564 PMCID: PMC6669670 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Scrimin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 1-35131 Padova, Italy.
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13
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Venditti I. Engineered Gold-Based Nanomaterials: Morphologies and Functionalities in Biomedical Applications. A Mini Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6020053. [PMID: 31185667 PMCID: PMC6630817 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several engineered gold-based nanomaterials, such as spheres, rods, stars, cubes, hollow particles, and nanocapsules have been widely explored in biomedical fields, in particular in therapy and diagnostics. As well as different shapes and dimensions, these materials may, on their surfaces, have specific functionalizations to improve their capability as sensors or in drug loading and controlled release, and/or particular cell receptors ligands, in order to get a definite targeting. In this review, the up-to-date progress will be illustrated regarding morphologies, sizes and functionalizations, mostly used to obtain an improved performance of nanomaterials in biomedicine. Many suggestions are presented to organize and compare the numerous and heterogeneous experimental data, such as the most important chemical-physical parameters, which guide and control the interaction between the gold surface and biological environment. The purpose of all this is to offer the readers an overview of the most noteworthy progress and challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Venditti
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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