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Jarvie HP, Macrae ML, Anderson M, Celmer-Repin D, Plach J, King SM. River metabolic fingerprints and regimes reveal ecosystem responses to enhanced wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:811-825. [PMID: 35980320 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have examined how improvements in wastewater treatment impact river nutrient concentrations and loads, there has been much less focus on measuring river metabolism to evaluate the wider aquatic ecosystem benefits of reducing nutrient inputs to rivers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of enhanced wastewater treatment (nitrification) on river metabolism in the Grand River, Canada's largest river draining into Lake Erie. Metabolic fingerprints and regimes (calculated from high-frequency dissolved oxygen [DO] measurements) were used to visualize whole-river ecosystem functional responses to these wastewater treatment upgrades. There was a 60% reduction in ecosystem respiration during summer, in response to reductions in effluent total ammonia inputs, causing a shift from net heterotrophy to net autotrophy, and contraction of river metabolic fingerprints. This resulted in major improvements in summer DO concentrations, with reductions in the percentage of days during summer that DO minima fell below water-quality guidelines for protection of aquatic early life stages, from 88% to ≤16%. The results also point to potential cascading impacts on coupled phosphorus and nitrogen cycles, which may generate further improvements in river water quality. During the summer, high rates of river metabolism and nutrient retention may result in measured water-column nutrient concentrations potentially underestimating nutrient pressures. This study also demonstrates the value of combining river metabolism with nutrient monitoring for a more holistic understanding of the role of nutrients in river ecosystem health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Jarvie
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Water Institute, Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Merrin L Macrae
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Water Institute, Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mark Anderson
- Grand River Conservation Authority, 400 Clyde Rd., Cambridge, ON, N1R 5W6, Canada
| | - Dominika Celmer-Repin
- Water Services Division, Wastewater Operations, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 4J3, Canada
| | - Janina Plach
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen M King
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
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