Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017

Trends in dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids among Korean adults between 2007 and 2018

OBJECTIVES

This study examined trends in the dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in Korean adults from 2007 to 2018.

METHODS

In total, 46,307 adults (aged 19-64 years) were selected from the 2007-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained using 24-hour dietary recall. Intake levels and food sources of LC-PUFAs, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA), were evaluated across the survey years and assessed based on compliance with dietary recommendations over the 2007-2018 period. Linear trends in LC-PUFAs intake levels over time were examined through multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

From 2007 to 2018, ALA and LA consumption increased from 1.1 g (0.5% of energy) to 1.4 g (0.6% of energy) and from 8.6 g (3.9% of energy) to 10.0 g (4.5% of energy), respectively. EPA intake decreased from 0.14 g to 0.12 g, and EPA+DHA intake showed a decreasing trend. The proportion of individuals who did not meet the recommended intake of EPA+DHA (250 mg/day) increased (64.4 to 68.4%). Regarding changes in food sources of ALA and LA, the contributions from mayonnaise, eggs, and bread increased, while those from plant food sources decreased. Among food sources of EPA and DHA, anchovy, saury, and Atka mackerel showed lower contributions over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that strategies to encourage the consumption of EPA and DHA from healthy food sources are necessary to improve cardiovascular health in the Korean population.

Altered local RAS in the liver increased the risk of NAFLD in male mouse offspring produced by in vitro fertilization

BACKGROUND

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is associated with an increased risk of adverse metabolic health in offspring, and these findings have been demonstrated in animal models without parental infertility issues. However, it is unclear what changes lead to abnormal metabolism. The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been related to various aspects of metabolic syndrome. Thus, we focused on the local RAS of the liver, which is the central organ for glucose and lipid metabolism in offspring conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), and studied the role of local liver RAS in metabolic diseases.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mouse offspring obtained by natural pregnancy and IVF were fed a standard chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) from 4 weeks of age through 16 weeks of age. We assessed glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic histopathology, and the gene and protein expression of key RAS components. In addition, the blocker losartan was used from 4 weeks of age through 16 weeks of age to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of abnormal local RAS on metabolic activity in the IVF offspring liver.

RESULTS

The growth trajectories of IVF offspring body and liver weights were different from those of naturally pregnant offspring. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and insulin resistance (IR) occurred in IVF-conceived male offspring. After continuous HFD feeding, male offspring in the IVF group underwent earlier and more severe IR. Furthermore, there was a trend of lipid accumulation in the livers of chow-fed IVF offspring. Hepatic steatosis was also more serious in the IVF offspring after HFD treatment. Type 1 receptor (AT1R), which is the primary receptor mediating the action of angiotensin (Ang) II, has been confirmed to be upregulated in IVF offspring livers. Losartan reduced or even eliminated most of the significant differences between the IVF and NC groups after HFD consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

The upregulation of AT1R expression in the liver increased the activity of the local RAS, resulting in abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in the liver, significantly increasing the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in IVF offspring.

Sociodemographic Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Body Image Dissatisfaction Among Saudi Adolescent Girls

This study assesses sociodemographic characteristics, dietary intake and body image dissatisfaction (BID) among Saudi adolescent girls. A total of 399 girls ages 13-14 were randomly selected from intermediate schools in Arar, Saudi Arabia. Data on anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic characteristics, dietary intake and body image (BI) were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to predict the association between variables. Most adolescents had a normal weight based on their body mass index (BMI), normal waist circumference (WC), and normal waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Fried chicken and Kabsa rice were the most frequently consumed foods; most girls consumed excessive fat. Most girls had BID (81.5%), and 51.4% desired to lose weight. BMI was positively correlated with age and current BI (p<0.001) and negatively associated with dairy product intake (p=0.004) and desired BI (p<0.001). WC had a positive association with age (p=0.001) and current BI (p<0.001) and a negative association with dairy product intake, cereal and grain intake (p=0.001) and ideal BI (p<0.001). WHtR was positively associated with current BI (p<0.001) and negatively associated with cereal and grain intake (p=0.005), dairy product intake and desired BI (p<0.001). Although most participants had a normal weight, they consumed excessive fat and were dissatisfied with their BI, which are significant predictors of obesity. Saudi adolescent girls require nutritional interventions to help them transition to a healthy diet, positive BI and healthy lifestyle.

Food behaviors accounting for the recent trends in dietary fatty acid profiles among Korean adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This study examined the changes in food behaviors of dietary fatty acids over 2007–2018 among Korean adults.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

This study used data from the 4th (2007–2009), 5th (2010–2012), 6th (2013–2015), and 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 46,307 adults aged 19–64 yrs were selected and dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h recall. In the 4th and 7th data, the major food sources for each fatty acid based on the contributing percentage of the food item were compared. The consumption trends in the major food sources were presented as grams per day over 2007–2018 and compared across the survey periods using the multiple regression model.

RESULTS

From 2007 to 2018, for total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid, the contribution of animal food sources, including beef, chicken, and eggs increased but plant food sources (e.g., tofu, soybean, and plant oil) decreased. As polyunsaturated fatty acid sources, mayonnaise, eggs, and bread showed higher contributions, whereas soybean and tofu showed lower contributions in the 7th data compared to the 4th data. For n-3 fatty acids, the contribution of fish decreased between the 4th and 7th data. Over 12 yrs, the significant increases in the absolute amount of consumption from animal sources were observed. In contrast, decreases in the consumption from plant sources and fish were seen across the survey periods.

CONCLUSIONS

In Korean adults, increases in the intake of dietary fatty acids along with changes in the food behaviors during 2007–2018 have evoked great concern for SFA intake, which is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Healthy food sources of dietary fatty acids should be emphasized in this population.

Trends in Serum Lipid Profiles Among Korean Adolescents, 2007-2018

PURPOSE

An adverse lipid profile in adolescence often persists into adulthood, resulting in cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the trends in the prevalence of adverse lipid profiles among Korean adolescents from 2007 to 2018.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The data were obtained from 9044 adolescents aged 10-19 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were analyzed.

RESULTS

Significantly increasing trends in age-standardized prevalence of hypercholesterolemia [from 5.6% to 9.4% in boys (P = 0.004); from 8.1% to 12.4% in girls (P = 0.01)] and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia [from 4.3% to 8.0% in boys (P = 0.003); from 6.6% to 9.7% in girls (P = 0.035)] were noted in both sexes. In contrast, the prevalence of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia decreased significantly from 20.0% to 12.5% in boys (<0.001) and from 12.4% to 6.9% in girls (P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hyper-non-HDL-cholesterolemia in both sexes. Accordingly, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia showed only a modest decline in boys (from 31.8% to 28.7%) and a stable trend in girls (from 28.9% to 28.2%).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia increased and that of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia decreased among Korean adolescents over the recent 12 years. Further studies are needed to explain these trends and possible associations with lifestyle factors.

Trends of Dyslipidemia in Korean Youth According to Sex and Body Mass Index: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018)

OBJECTIVE

To assess trends of dyslipidemia among youth, we investigated secular trends in serum lipid levels from 2007 to 2018 and the current prevalence of dyslipidemia in Korean children and adolescents.

STUDY DESIGN

This cross-sectional study investigated lipid profiles of 10 734 youths aged 10-18 years using data from phases IV-VII of the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. We assessed age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted mean levels of lipids at each survey.

RESULTS

Mean levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels increased from phase IV to VII. Among boys, the prevalence of acceptable levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C decreased significantly (P = .005, P = .001, and P < .001, respectively). In girls, the prevalence of acceptable levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C decreased significantly (P = .003, P = .005, P = .008, and P = .013, respectively). In BMI- and age-specific analyses, worsening trends in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL levels were more apparent in youths with a normal BMI and young age.

CONCLUSIONS

Dyslipidemia trends are worsening in Korean youth, even in those with a normal BMI and young age. Thus, future cardiovascular disease risk may increase and comprehensive management plans are required for youth with overweight or obesity and those with a normal BMI and young age.

Future trends of processed meat products concerning perceived healthiness: A review

The 21st-century consumer is highly demanding when it comes to the health benefits of food and food products. In the pursuit of attracting these consumers and easing the rise in demand for high-quality meat products, the processed meat sector is intensely focused on developing reformulated, low-fat, healthy meat products. Meat and meat products are considered the primary sources of saturated fatty acids in the human diet. Therefore, these reformulation strategies aim to improve the fatty acid profile and reduce total fat and cholesterol, which can be achieved by replacing animal fat with plant-based oils; it could be performed as direct inclusion of these oils or pre-emulsified oils. However, emulsions offer a viable option for incorporating vegetable oils while avoiding the multiple issues of direct inclusion of these oils in meat products. Processed meat products are popular worldwide and showing a gradually increasing trend of consumption. Various types of plant-based oils have been studied as fat replacers in meat products. This review will focus on possible methods to reduce the saturated fatty acid content in meat products.

Trends and Urban-Rural Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition among Chinese Children: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 to 2015)

The nutrition status of children is gaining more attention with a rapid nutrition transition. This study aimed to investigate trends and urban-rural differences in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese children. A total of 7565 participants aged 6 to 17 years were obtained from three rounds (1991, 2004 and 2015) of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The individual diet was evaluated via three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). From 1991 to 2015, there was a significant increase in children’s fat intake, the proportion of energy intake from fat, and the proportion of children with more than 30% of energy from fat and less than 50% of energy from carbohydrates (p < 0.001). Compared with the DRI, the proportion with higher fat and lower carbohydrate intakes were, respectively, 64.7% and 46.8% in 2015. The urban-rural disparities in fat and carbohydrate intake gradually narrowed, while the gap in protein intake increased notably over time (p < 0.001). Chinese children experienced a rapid transformation to a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Urban-rural disparities persistently existed; further nutritional interventions and education were of great significance, so as to ensure a more balanced diet for Chinese children.

Anti-obesity effect with reduced adverse effect of the co-administration of mini-tablets containing orlistat and mini-tablets containing xanthan gum: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of this study was to develop an oral dosage form of orlistat for the treatment of obesity with reduced adverse effects, for example, fatty and oily stool that have been reported to be associated with the mechanism of action of orlistat. Based on the in vitro results obtained in this study, xanthan gum was selected as an oil-entrapping agent. Thus, the co-administration of mini-tablets containing orlistat and mini-tablets containing xanthan gum was proposed as the optimized dosage form for orlistat. The prepared mini-tablets showed an equivalent drug release profile with a similarity factor value, f₂, more than 50 to that of commercially marketed orlistat immediate-release capsules, Xenical® capsules. In addition, the optimized formulation also showed the in vivo anti-obesity effects similar to those of Xenical® capsules. In particular, the analysis of feces excreted by Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that the optimized formulation resulted in significantly less oily stool, steatorrhea, than Xenical® capsules (P < 0.05). Consequently, the proposed formulation, the co-administration of mini-tablets containing orlistat and mini-tablets containing xanthan gum, may be considered as a promising anti-obesity treatment with reduced adverse effects related to orlistat.

Dietary and Health Characteristics of Korean Adults According to the Level of Energy Intake from Carbohydrate: Analysis of the 7th (2016-2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the level of energy intake from carbohydrate and the dietary and health characteristics among Korean adults. We examined the diet quality and health conditions of Korean adults by segmenting them into eight groups according to the level of energy intake from carbohydrate (<45%, 45–50%, 50–55%, 55–60%, 60–65%, 65–70%, 70–75%, and ≥75%). From the data of the 7th (2016–2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 7566 subjects aged 19 to 64 years were analyzed. Diet quality was much lower in the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was <50% or ≥65%, compared to the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was 50–65%. Hypertension or low HDL-cholesterolemia was associated with low (<45%) or high (≥70%) energy intake from carbohydrate. We found no considerable difference in the diet quality and health conditions between the groups whose energy intake from carbohydrate was 50–55% and 55–65%. In conclusion, it is suggested to expand the current acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for carbohydrate for Korean adults (i.e., 55% to 65%) to include 50–55%.