Effects of Coffee Intake on Dyslipidemia Risk According to Genetic Variants in the ADORA Gene Family among Korean Adults

Associations between the Genetic Heritability of Dyslipidemia and Dietary Patterns in Korean Adults Based on Sex Differences

Dyslipidemia can be defined as an abnormality in serum lipid levels that is substantially linked to genetic variations and lifestyle factors, such as diet patterns, and has distinct sex-specific characteristics. We aimed to elucidate the genetic impact of dyslipidemia according to sex and explore the associations between genetic variants and dietary patterns in large-scale population-based cohorts. After performing genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in male, female, and entire cohorts, significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the three groups, and genetic risk scores (GRSs) were calculated by summing the risk alleles from the selected SNPs. After adjusting for confounding variables, the risk of dyslipidemia was 2.013-fold and 2.535-fold higher in the 3rd quartile GRS group in the male and female cohorts, respectively, than in the 1st quartile GRS group. While instant noodle and soft drink intake were significantly associated with GRS related to hyperlipidemia in male cohorts, coffee consumption was substantially related to GRS related to hyperlipidemia in female cohorts. Considering the influence of genetic factors and dietary patterns, the findings of this study suggest the potential for implementing sex-specific strategic interventions to avoid dyslipidemia.

Influence of Sex Differences on Serum Lipid Profiles among Habitual Coffee Drinkers: Evidence from 23,072 Taiwan Biobank Participants

The bioactive compounds of coffee are involved in lipid metabolism, and sex differences may play an important role. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sex differences on serum lipid profiles among habitual coffee drinkers. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study of 23,628 adults using data obtained from the Taiwan Biobank database. Adults who drank more than one cup of coffee per day and those who drank less than one cup per day were compared with non-drinkers. After adjusting for baseline demographics and lifestyle, a generalized linear model was used to estimate the change in serum lipid profiles in men and women and in postmenopausal and premenopausal women among different coffee-drinking behaviors. We found that habitual coffee consumption changed the serum lipid profiles of men and women. Further, coffee drinkers had higher serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower serum triglyceride levels than non-drinkers. Compared with premenopausal women, both men and postmenopausal women had increased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Menopausal status may play an important role in modulating the effect of habitual coffee intake on dyslipidemia. Moreover, premenopausal women potentially benefit more from habitual coffee drinking than men and postmenopausal women.

Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases has significantly increased with the expansion of the industrialization of societies, which is notably linked to lifestyle changes and an unhealthy diet. Hence, determining the healthiest diet habits and supplements seems to be an appropriate way to decrease the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, caffeine, one of the most widely consumed compounds in the world, has emerged with some promising results in the treatment of numerous pathophysiological conditions of cardiovascular diseases. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for the relevant articles regarding the pharmacology, preclinical, and clinical studies on the potential effects of caffeine on cardiovascular diseases. While caffeine could improve cardiovascular outcomes through several mechanisms of action, the literature review revealed controversial clinical effects of caffeine on blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, stable angina, and heart failure. In the case of dyslipidemia, coffee consumption increased total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein. Taken together, the existence of multiple confounding factors in the caffeine studies has resulted in inconclusive data interpretation. Further well-designed studies with adequate control of the confounding factors are warranted to draw a clear conclusion on the cardiovascular efficacy and safety of caffeine.

The impact of genetic variability on the relationship between caffeine and cardiometabolic outcomes: A systematic review

The relationship between caffeine consumption and cardiometabolic health has been reported, however with heterogenous results. Discrepancies in study results may be due to inter-individual variability between study participants. This systematic review aimed to identify the impact of genetics on the relationship between caffeine consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes. Electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched for studies published until July 2021. Selected studies were of both intervention and observational design and included (1) analysis of at least one of the selected cardiometabolic outcome (type 2 diabetes, glucose/insulin levels, cardiovascular disease [CVD], blood pressure [BP] or hypertension, and blood lipid and catecholamine levels), (2) adults aged 18-65 years, and (3) genetic analysis of individuals consuming caffeine. Seventeen studies were included: four randomised controlled trials and an interventional and quasi-experimental study, six population-based prospective cohort studies, three cross-sectional studies, and three case-control studies. CYP1A2 rs762551 and ADORA rs5751876 were associated with glucose response when caffeine was consumed with carbohydrates. CYP1A2 rs762551 moderated the association between coffee intake and hypertension. Moreover, ADORA2A rs5751876 and the ADRA2B I variants moderated the associations between caffeine and BP. Studies that investigated the effects of genetic variations on CVD and caffeine consumption reported equivocal findings (CYP1A2) or warrant replication (COMT, ADORA and TRIB1). Elucidating the extent to which these genes moderate the association between caffeine and cardiometabolic outcomes will enable caffeine consumption advice to be tailored to specific individuals to optimise health.

Comparative and Combined Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Caffeine in Reducing Lipid Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine, two phytochemicals found in a wide range of natural dietary sources, have been reported to have protective effects against hyperlipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, their relative efficacy and synergy in lowering lipid level are unclear. This study intended to compare lipid-lowering activity of EGCG and caffeine and to elucidate their joint action using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism. The worms were exposed to EGCG, caffeine or both agents, and lipid accumulation determined by levels of total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol was monitored. A 3 × 3 factorial design combined with response surface methodology was used to characterize the nature of interactive effects. Total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol in C. elegans were reduced by either EGCG or caffeine in a dose-dependent manner, with EGCG displaying a stronger lipid-lowering efficacy than caffeine. Overall, the EGCG/caffeine combination for lowering lipids was more effective than either substance alone. Factorial regression models revealed that the combination was antagonistic for total lipid reduction, perhaps due to a "ceiling" effect, and was synergistic for triglyceride-lowering and additive for cholesterol-lowering. Taken together, our work proposes the use of a combination of EGCG and caffeine as an alternative dietary intervention for the prevention of hyperlipidemia, and additionally highlights the suitability of C. elegans model for evaluating lipid-lowering capacity of natural products.

Polyphenol-Rich and Alcoholic Beverages and Metabolic Status in Adults Living in Sicily, Southern Italy

Polyphenol-rich beverage consumption is not univocally accepted as a risk modulator for cardio-metabolic risk factors, despite mechanistic and epidemiological evidence suggesting otherwise. The aim of this study was to assess whether an association between polyphenol-rich beverage consumption and metabolic status could be observed in a Mediterranean cohort with relatively low intake of tea, coffee, red and white wine, beer, and fresh citrus juice. Demographic and dietary characteristics of 2044 adults living in southern Italy were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between polyphenol-rich and alcoholic beverage consumption and metabolic status adjusted for potential confounding factors. Specific polyphenol-rich beverages were associated, to a various extent, with metabolic outcomes. Individuals with a higher total polyphenol-rich beverages had higher polyphenols intake and were less likely to have hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44–0.73; OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.26–0.66; and OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29–0.57, respectively). However, when adjusted for potential confounding factors, only the association with hypertension remained significant (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50–0.94). Current scientific evidence suggests that such beverages may play a role on cardio-metabolic risk factors, especially when consumed within the context of a dietary pattern characterized by an intake of a plurality of them. However, these associations might be mediated by an overall healthier lifestyle.

Combination of Genome-Wide Polymorphisms and Copy Number Variations of Pharmacogenes in Koreans

For predicting phenotypes and executing precision medicine, combination analysis of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) genotyping with copy number variations (CNVs) is required. The aim of this study was to discover SNVs or common copy CNVs and examine the combined frequencies of SNVs and CNVs in pharmacogenes using the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES), a consortium project. The genotypes (N = 72,299) and CNV data (N = 1000) were provided by the Korean National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The allele frequencies of SNVs, CNVs, and combined SNVs with CNVs were calculated and haplotype analysis was performed. CYP2D6 rs1065852 (c.100C>T, p.P34S) was the most common variant allele (48.23%). A total of 8454 haplotype blocks in 18 pharmacogenes were estimated. DMD ranked the highest in frequency for gene gain (64.52%), while TPMT ranked the highest in frequency for gene loss (51.80%). Copy number gain of CYP4F2 was observed in 22 subjects; 13 of those subjects were carriers with CYP4F2*3 gain. In the case of TPMT, approximately one-half of the participants (N = 308) had loss of the TPMT*1*1 diplotype. The frequencies of SNVs and CNVs in pharmacogenes were determined using the Korean cohort-based genome-wide association study.